Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). 2018 National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH): table 1.3B—types of illicit drug use in lifetime, past year, and past month among persons aged 18 or older: percentages, 2017 and 2018; 2018.
Tramer MR, Carroll D, Campbell FA, Reynolds DJ, Moore RA, McQuay HJ. Cannabinoids for control of chemotherapy induced nausea and vomiting: quantitative systematic review. BMJ. 2001;323(7303):16–21. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.323.7303.16.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ware MA, Wang T, Shapiro S, et al. Smoked cannabis for chronic neuropathic pain: a randomized controlled trial. CMAJ. 2010;182(14):E694-701. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.091414.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rumalla K, Reddy AY, Mittal MK. Recreational marijuana use and acute ischemic stroke: a population-based analysis of hospitalized patients in the United States. J Neurol Sci. 2016;364:191–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.01.066.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Hemachandra D, McKetin R, Cherbuin N, Anstey KJ. Heavy cannabis users at elevated risk of stroke: evidence from a general population survey. Aust N Z J Public Health. 2016;40(3):226–30. https://doi.org/10.1111/1753-6405.12477.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ladha KS, Mistry N, Wijeysundera DN, et al. Recent cannabis use and myocardial infarction in young adults: a cross-sectional study. CMAJ. 2021;193(35):E1377–84. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.202392.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yankey BA, Rothenberg R, Strasser S, Ramsey-White K, Okosun IS. Effect of marijuana use on cardiovascular and cerebrovascular mortality: a study using the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey linked mortality file. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2017;24(17):1833–40. https://doi.org/10.1177/2047487317723212.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Winhusen T, Theobald J, Kaelber DC, Lewis D. Regular cannabis use, with and without tobacco co-use, is associated with respiratory disease. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2019;204:107557. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107557.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bramness JG, von Soest T. A longitudinal study of cannabis use increasing the use of asthma medication in young Norwegian adults. BMC Pulm Med. 2019;19(1):52. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12890-019-0814-x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Yankey BN, Strasser S, Okosun IS. A cross-sectional analysis of the association between marijuana and cigarette smoking with metabolic syndrome among adults in the United States. Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2016;10(2 Suppl 1):S89-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsx.2016.03.001.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yu B, Chen X, Chen X, Yan H. Marijuana legalization and historical trends in marijuana use among US residents aged 12–25: results from the 1979–2016 National Survey on drug use and health. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):156. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-020-8253-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Li X, Ploner A, Wang Y, et al. Longitudinal trajectories, correlations and mortality associations of nine biological ages across 20-years follow-up. Elife. 2020. https://doi.org/10.7554/eLife.51507.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Horvath S. DNA methylation age of human tissues and cell types. Genome Biol. 2013;14(10):R115. https://doi.org/10.1186/gb-2013-14-10-r115.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hannum G, Guinney J, Zhao L, et al. Genome-wide methylation profiles reveal quantitative views of human aging rates. Mol Cell. 2013;49(2):359–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2012.10.016.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Levine ME, Lu AT, Quach A, et al. An epigenetic biomarker of aging for lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2018;10(4):573–91. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101414.
Article
Google Scholar
Lu AT, Quach A, Wilson JG, et al. DNA methylation GrimAge strongly predicts lifespan and healthspan. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(2):303–27. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101684.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Quach A, Levine ME, Tanaka T, et al. Epigenetic clock analysis of diet, exercise, education, and lifestyle factors. Aging (Albany NY). 2017;9(2):419–46. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101168.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Fiorito G, Polidoro S, Dugue PA, et al. Social adversity and epigenetic aging: a multi-cohort study on socioeconomic differences in peripheral blood DNA methylation. Sci Rep. 2017;7(1):16266. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-16391-5.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fiorito G, McCrory C, Robinson O, et al. Socioeconomic position, lifestyle habits and biomarkers of epigenetic aging: a multi-cohort analysis. Aging (Albany NY). 2019;11(7):2045–70. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.101900.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Rosen AD, Robertson KD, Hlady RA, et al. DNA methylation age is accelerated in alcohol dependence. Transl Psychiatry. 2018;8(1):182. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0233-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Friedman GD, Cutter GR, Donahue RP, et al. CARDIA: study design, recruitment, and some characteristics of the examined subjects. J Clin Epidemiol. 1988;41(11):1105–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(88)90080-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Auer R, Vittinghoff E, Yaffe K, et al. Association between lifetime marijuana use and cognitive function in middle age: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. JAMA Intern Med. 2016;176(3):352–61. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7841.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reis JP, Auer R, Bancks MP, et al. Cumulative lifetime marijuana use and incident cardiovascular disease in middle age: the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Am J Public Health. 2017;107(4):601–6. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2017.303654.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nannini DR, Joyce BT, Zheng Y, et al. Epigenetic age acceleration and metabolic syndrome in the coronary artery risk development in young adults study. Clin Epigenet. 2019;11(1):160. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13148-019-0767-1.
Article
Google Scholar
Joyce BT, Gao T, Zheng Y, et al. Epigenetic age acceleration reflects long-term cardiovascular health. Circ Res. 2021;129(8):770–81. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.121.318965.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zheng Y, Joyce B, Hwang SJ, et al. Association of cardiovascular health through young adulthood with genome-wide DNA methylation patterns in midlife: the CARDIA study. Circulation. 2022. https://doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055484.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Xu Z, Niu L, Li L, Taylor JA. ENmix: a novel background correction method for Illumina HumanMethylation450 BeadChip. Nucleic Acids Res. 2016;44(3):e20. https://doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkv907.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Tukey J. Exploratory data analysis. Pearson; 1977.
Google Scholar
Xu Z, Langie SA, De Boever P, Taylor JA, Niu L. RELIC: a novel dye-bias correction method for Illumina Methylation BeadChip. BMC Genom. 2017;18(1):4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12864-016-3426-3.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Glossary—Alcohol. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/alcohol/alcohol_glossary.htm.
Di Marzo V, Goparaju SK, Wang L, et al. Leptin-regulated endocannabinoids are involved in maintaining food intake. Nature. 2001;410(6830):822–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/35071088.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Juknat A, Pietr M, Kozela E, et al. Microarray and pathway analysis reveal distinct mechanisms underlying cannabinoid-mediated modulation of LPS-induced activation of BV-2 microglial cells. PLoS ONE. 2013;8(4):e61462. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061462.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ishida JH, Auer R, Vittinghoff E, et al. Marijuana use and estimated glomerular filtration rate in young adults. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(10):1578–87. https://doi.org/10.2215/CJN.01530217.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Solinas M, Massi P, Cantelmo AR, et al. Cannabidiol inhibits angiogenesis by multiple mechanisms. Br J Pharmacol. 2012;167(6):1218–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02050.x.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Huestis MA. Human cannabinoid pharmacokinetics. Chem Biodivers. 2007;4(8):1770–804. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200790152.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Morland J, Bramness JG. Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is present in the body between smoking sessions in occasional non-daily cannabis users. Forensic Sci Int. 2020;309:110188. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110188.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Subbaraman MS, Kerr WC. Simultaneous versus concurrent use of alcohol and cannabis in the National Alcohol Survey. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2015;39(5):872–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.12698.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Achur RN, Freeman WM, Vrana KE. Circulating cytokines as biomarkers of alcohol abuse and alcoholism. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol. 2010;5(1):83–91. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11481-009-9185-z.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Leclercq S, De Saeger C, Delzenne N, de Timary P, Starkel P. Role of inflammatory pathways, blood mononuclear cells, and gut-derived bacterial products in alcohol dependence. Biol Psychiatry. 2014;76(9):725–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopsych.2014.02.003.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Yang L, Rozenfeld R, Wu D, Devi LA, Zhang Z, Cederbaum A. Cannabidiol protects liver from binge alcohol-induced steatosis by mechanisms including inhibition of oxidative stress and increase in autophagy. Free Radic Biol Med. 2014;68:260–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.12.026.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Nair MP, Figueroa G, Casteleiro G, Munoz K, Agudelo M. Alcohol versus cannabinoids: a review of their opposite neuro-immunomodulatory effects and future therapeutic potentials. J Alcohol Drug Depend. 2015. https://doi.org/10.4172/2329-6488.1000184.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liput DJ, Hammell DC, Stinchcomb AL, Nixon K. Transdermal delivery of cannabidiol attenuates binge alcohol-induced neurodegeneration in a rodent model of an alcohol use disorder. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2013;111:120–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pbb.2013.08.013.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Karoly HC, Bidwell LC, Mueller RL, Hutchison KE. Investigating the relationships between alcohol consumption, cannabis use, and circulating cytokines: a preliminary analysis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2018;42(3):531–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13592.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hamelink C, Hampson A, Wink DA, Eiden LE, Eskay RL. Comparison of cannabidiol, antioxidants, and diuretics in reversing binge ethanol-induced neurotoxicity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2005;314(2):780–8. https://doi.org/10.1124/jpet.105.085779.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Gravely S, Driezen P, Smith DM, et al. International differences in patterns of cannabis use among adult cigarette smokers: findings from the 2018 ITC Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. Int J Drug Policy. 2020;79:102754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugpo.2020.102754.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Rothman KJ. No adjustments are needed for multiple comparisons. Epidemiology. 1990;1(1):43–6.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar