Table 1 Summary table of articles included in this systematic review
First author | Year | Organism | Study type | Scale | Loci (if targeted) | Total sample size | Exposure pattern | Ethanol exposure time (gestational days) | DNA methylation analysis platform | Tissues |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wille-Bille | 2020 | Wistar Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Pdyn, Kor | 32 | Moderate | GD 17–20 | Pyrosequencing | Ventral Tegmental Area (PDYN), Amygdala (KOR) |
Alberry | 2020 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | MWAS | - | 21 | Moderate | GD 0–21 | MeDIP-Chip | Hippocampus |
Abbott | 2018 | CD1 Mouse | Transgenerational | Global + Targeted | Id2 and Rzrβ promoters | 195 | Moderate-high | GD 0.5–19.5 | MSP + ELISA | Rostral & Caudal regions of neocortex |
Lussier | 2018 | Sprague–Dawley Rats | Intervention | MWAS | - | 39 | Moderate | GD 1–21 | Bisulfite sequencing | Hippocampus, white blood cells |
Marjonen | 2018 | C57Bl/6 J Mouse Rcc | Intervention | Targeted | Igf2/H19 imprinting control region (ICR), Igf2 DMR 1, Snrpn ICR, Peg3 ICR | 10 | Moderate | GD 0.5–8.5 | MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Embryonal + placental |
Lu | 2018 | Wistar Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Gad67 | 16 | Unclear, possibly high | GD 9–20 | Amplicon sequencing | Hippocampus |
Wille-Bille | 2018 | Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | Pdyn, Kor | 64 | Moderate | GD 17–20 | MSP | Ventral Tegmental Area, NAc (PDYN only), Prefrontal Cortex (KOR only) |
Ozturk | 2017 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | Global | - | 18 | Moderate | GD 7–16 | ELISA | Neocortex |
Zhou | 2016 | C57Bl/6 J Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | Igf2/H19, DMR0, DMR1, DMR2, H19 DMR | 33 | High | GD 0.5–15.5 | MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Heart, brain, placental |
Zhang | 2015 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | From -144 to -20 bp Slc17a6 transcription start site | 109 | Moderate | GD 0–8.5 | Bisulfite sequencing | Hippocampus |
Ngai | 2015 | Sprague–Dawley Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Nr3c1 and Slc6a4 | 18 | Unclear | GD 1-? (possibly 20) | Pyrosequencing | Hippocampus, hypothalamus |
Marjonen | 2015 | C57Bl/6 J Mouse Rcc | Intervention | Targeted | Six CpG islands in each of Olfr110, Vmn2r64, Vpreb2, Olfr601 and Hist1h2ai | 18 | Moderate | GD 0.5–8.5 | Amplicon sequencing | Hippocampus, main olfactory epithelium |
Gangisetty | 2015 | Fisher-344 Rats | Intervention | Targeted | D2r promoter | 18 | Moderate | GD 7–21 | MSP + pyrosequencing | Pituatry gland |
Gangisetty | 2014 | Sprague–Dawley Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Pomc | 18 | Moderate | GD 7–21 | MSP | Mediobasal hypothalamus |
Chen | 2013 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | Global | - | 17 | Moderate-high | GD 7–16 | Immunohistochemistry | Hippocampus |
Laufer | 2013 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | MWAS | - | 12 | Unclear | GD 0–10 | MeDIP-Chip | Whole brain |
Bekdash | 2013 | Sprague–Dawley Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Pomc | 24 | Moderate | GD 7–21 | MSP | Mediobasal hypothalamus |
Govorko | 2012 | Sprague–Dawley Rats | Transgenerational | Global + Targeted | Pomc | 45 | Moderate | GD 7–21 | MSP + pyrosequencing + Immunohistochemistry | Brain |
Downing | 2011 | C57BL/6 J (B6) Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | Igf2 DMR1, four CpG sites | 45 | High | GD 0–8.5 | Amplicon sequencing | Embryonal + placental |
Stouder | 2011 | Normal FVB/N Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | H19, Gtl2, Peg1, Srnpn, Peg3 | 38 | Light | GD 10–18 | Pyrosequencing + Amplicon Sequencing | Tail, liver, tibialis anterior muscle, hippocampus, whole brain, sperm |
Kaminen-Ahola | 2010 | C57Bl/6 Mouse | Intervention | Global + Targeted | A(vy) allele | 373 | Moderate | GD 0.5–8.5 | Bisulfite sequencing | Forebrain, tail |
Haycock | 2009 | C57Bl/6 & CastEi Hybrid Mouse | Intervention | Targeted | Igf2/H19 | 10 | High | GD 1.5 & 2.5 | Bisulfite sequencing | Embryonal + placental |
Murillo-Fuentes | 2005 | Wistar Rats | Intervention | Global | - | 32 | Moderate-high | GD 0–8.5 | Tritiated thymidine incorporation | Blood, liver |
Maier | 1999 | Harlan Sprague–Dawley Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Bdnf | 9 | High | Unclear, possibly GD 1–20 | Restriction digest + Southern Blot | Olfactory bulbs |
Valles | 1997 | Wistar Rats | Intervention | Targeted | Gfap | 4 | Unclear, possibly moderate | Presumably GD 1–20 | Restriction digest + Southern Blot | Brain |
Garro | 1991 | Swiss-Webster Mice | Intervention | Global | - | 164 | High | GD 9–11.5 | Tritiated thymidine incorporation | Fetal |
Okazaki | 2021 | Human | Case–control study | MWAS | Five epigenetic clocks | 12 | FASD | - | Illumina 450 Beadchip | Buccal, peripheral blood |
Timms | 2019 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | MWAS | - | 783 | Unclear | Unclear | Illumina 450 Beadchip | Cord blood |
Cobben | 2019 | Human | Case–control study | MWAS | - | 138 | FASD | - | Illumina 450 Beadchip | Whole blood |
Sarkar | 2019 | Human | Case–control Study | Targeted | PER2, POMC | 224 | Moderate-high | Month of conception and/or before birth (study 1), throughout pregnancy (study 2) | MSP + pyrosequencing | Buccal |
Lussier | 2018 | Human | Case–control study | MWAS | - | 48 | FASD | - | Illumina 450 Beachchip + pyrosequencing | Buccal |
Frey | 2018 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | MWAS | - | 156 | Unclear | Last 8Â weeks of pregnancy | Illumina 450 Beadchip | Buccal |
Sharp | 2018 | Human | Meta-analysis | MWAS | - | 3075 | Multiple patterns assessed (low/moderate and binge) | Second/third trimester | Illumina 450 Beadchip | Cord blood |
Marjonen | 2017 | Human | Case–control study | Targeted | IGF2/H19 | 75 | Moderate-high | Likely throughout | MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Placenta |
Portales-Casamar | 2016 | Human | Case–control study | MWAS | - | 206 | FASD | - | Illumina 450 Beachchip + pyrosequencing | Buccal |
Fransquet | 2016 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | Targeted | DRD4 promoter | 536 | Multiple patterns assessed | Multiple patterns assessed | MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Buccal |
Laufer | 2015 | Human | Case–control study | MWAS | - | 23 | FASD | - | Illumina 450 Beachchip + pyrosequencing | Buccal |
Lee | 2015 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | Targeted | DAT, SERT, MeCP2 | 164 | Multiple patterns assessed (light, moderate and binge) | Likely throughout | Restriction digest + MSP | Cord blood |
Masemola | 2015 | Human | Case–control study | Targeted | H19 ICR, IG-DMR, KvDMR1, PEG3 DMR | 533 | FAS | Unclear/likely throughout | Pyrosequencing | Whole blood (all), buccal (cases only) |
Azzi | 2014 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | Targeted | ZAC1 | 213 | Unclear | Last 3Â months of pregnancy | MSP | Cord blood, leukocytes |
Jarmasz | 2019 | Human & Macaque Monkeys | Case–control study | Global | - | 36 | Variable | Variable | Immunohistochemistry | Brain |
Loke | 2018 | Human | Observational Cohort Study | Global | - | 187 | Variable | Multiple patterns assessed | MassARRAY EpiTYPER | Placenta |