May PA, Gossage JP, Kalberg WO, Robinson LK, Buckley D, Manning M, et al. Prevalence and epidemiologic characteristics of FASD from various research methods with an emphasis on recent in-school studies. Dev Disabil Res Rev. 2009;15:176–92.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
May PA, Baete A, Russo J, Elliott AJ, Blankenship J, Kalberg WO, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Pediatrics. 2014;134:855–66. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2013-3319.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
May PA, Keaster C, Bozeman R, Goodover J, Blankenship J, Kalberg WO, et al. Prevalence and characteristics of fetal alcohol syndrome and partial fetal alcohol syndrome in a Rocky Mountain Region City. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2015;155:118–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.006.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Zhang X, Sliwowska JH, Weinberg J. Prenatal alcohol exposure and fetal programming: effects on neuroendocrine and immune function. Exp Biol Med. 2005;230:376–88.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Pei J, Denys K, Hughes J, Rasmussen C. Mental health issues in fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. J Ment Health. 2011;20:473–83.
Article
Google Scholar
Mattson SN, Crocker N, Nguyen TT. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: neuropsychological and behavioral features. Neuropsychol Rev. 2011;21:81–101.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jones KL, Smith DW. Recognition of the fetal alcohol syndrome in early infancy. Lancet. 1973;302:999–1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(73)91092-1.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Astley SJ, Clarren SK. Diagnosing the full spectrum of fetal alcohol-exposed individuals: introducing the 4-digit diagnostic code. Alcohol Alcohol. 2000;35:400–10.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Jacobson SW, Jacobson JL, Stanton ME, Meintjes EM, Molteno CD. Biobehavioral markers of adverse effect in fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Neuropsychol Rev. 2011;21:148–66.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Pollard I. Neuropharmacology of drugs and alcohol in mother and fetus. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2007;12:106–13.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Senturias Y, Baldonado M. Fetal spectrum disorders: an overview of ethical and legal issues for healthcare providers. Curr Probl Pediatr Adolesc Health Care. 2014;44:102–4. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cppeds.2013.12.010
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Paley B, O’Connor MJ. Behavioral interventions for children and adolescents with fetal alcohol spectrum disorders. Alcohol Res Heal. 2011;34:64–75. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3860556/
Google Scholar
Streissguth AP, Bookstein F, Barr H, Sampson P, O’Malley K, Young J. Risk factors for adverse life outcomes in fetal alcohol syndrome and fetal alcohol effects. J Dev Behav Pediatr. 2004;25:228–38. https://doi.org/10.1097/00004703-200408000-00002.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Fox SE, Levitt P, Nelson CA III. How the timing and quality of early experiences influence the development of brain architecture. Child Dev. 2010;81:28–40. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8624.2009.01380.x.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Russell M, Martier SS, Sokol RJ, Mudar P, Jacobson S, Jacobson J. Detecting risk drinking during pregnancy: a comparison of four screening questionnaires. Am J Public Health. 1996;86:1435–9. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1380656/
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Jones TB, Bailey BA, Sokol RJ. Alcohol use in pregnancy: insights in screening and intervention for the clinician. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2013;56:114–23. https://doi.org/10.1097/GRF.0b013e31827957c0.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Burns E, Gray R, Smith LA. Brief screening questionnaires to identify problem drinking during pregnancy: a systematic review. Addiction. 2010;105:601–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02842.x.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Concheiro-Guisan A, Concheiro M. Bioanalysis during pregnancy: recent advances and novel sampling strategies. Bioanalysis. 2014;6:3133–53. https://doi.org/10.4155/bio.14.278.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cabarcos P, Álvarez I, Tabernero MJ, Bermejo AM. Determination of direct alcohol markers: a review. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2015;407:4907–25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00216-015-8701-7.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Bird A. Perceptions of epigenetics. Nature. 2007;447:396–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Meaney MJ. Epigenetics and the biological definition of gene X environment interactions. Child Dev. 2010;81:41–79.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Henikoff S, Greally JM. Epigenetics, cellular memory and gene regulation. Curr Biol. 2016;26:R644–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.011
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Boyce WT, Kobor MS. Development and the epigenome: the “synapse” of gene-environment interplay. Dev Sci. 2015;18:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1111/desc.12282.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Joubert BR, Håberg SE, Nilsen RM, Wang X, Vollset SE, Murphy SK, et al. 450K epigenome-wide scan identifies differential DNA methylation in newborns related to maternal smoking during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2012;120:1425–31. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1205412.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Heijmans BT, Tobi EW, Stein AD, Putter H, Blauw GJ, Susser ES, et al. Persistent epigenetic differences associated with prenatal exposure to famine in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2008;105:17046–9. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0806560105.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reese SE, Zhao S, Wu MC, Joubert BR, Parr CL, Håberg SE, et al. DNA Methylation score as a biomarker in newborns for sustained maternal smoking during pregnancy. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:760–6. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP333.
PubMed
Google Scholar
Lussier AA, Weinberg J, Kobor MS. Epigenetics studies of fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: where are we now? Epigenomics. 2017;9:291–311. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi-2016-0163.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chater-Diehl EJ, Laufer BI, Castellani CA, Alberry BL, Singh SM. Alteration of gene expression, DNA methylation, and histone methylation in free radical scavenging networks in adult mouse hippocampus following fetal alcohol exposure. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0154836.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Laufer BI, Mantha K, Kleiber ML, Diehl EJ, Addison SMF, Singh SM. Long-lasting alterations to DNA methylation and ncRNAs could underlie the effects of fetal alcohol exposure in mice. Dis Model Mech. 2013;6:977–92. https://doi.org/10.1242/dmm.010975.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Balaraman Y, Wang G, Nephew KP, Zhou FC. Alcohol exposure alters DNA methylation profiles in mouse embryos at early neurulation. Epigenetics. 2009;4:500–11.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hicks SD, Middleton FA, Miller MW. Ethanol-induced methylation of cell cycle genes in neural stem cells. J Neurochem. 2010;114:1767–80.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhou FC, Chen Y, Love A. Cellular DNA methylation program during neurulation and its alteration by alcohol exposure. Birth Defects Res Part A - Clin Mol Teratol. 2011;91:703–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Otero NKH, Thomas JD, Saski CA, Xia X, Kelly SJ. Choline supplementation and DNA methylation in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex of rats exposed to alcohol during development. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2012;36:1701–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Fransquet PD, Hutchinson D, Olsson CA, Wilson J, Allsop S, Najman J, et al. Perinatal maternal alcohol consumption and methylation of the dopamine receptor DRD4 in the offspring: the triple B study. Environ Epigenetics. 2016;2:dvw023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/eep/dvw023
Article
Google Scholar
Laufer BI, Kapalanga J, Castellani CA, Diehl EJ, Yan L, Singh SM. Associative DNA methylation changes in children with prenatal alcohol exposure. Epigenomics. 2015;7 August:1–16. https://doi.org/10.2217/epi.15.60.
Google Scholar
Portales-Casamar E, Lussier AA, Jones MJ, MacIsaac JL, Edgar RD, Mah SM, et al. DNA methylation signature of human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2016;9:81–101.
Article
Google Scholar
Portales-Casamar E, Lussier AA, Jones MJ, MacIsaac JL, Edgar RD, Mah SM, et al. DNA methylation signature of human fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2016;9:25. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13072-016-0074-4.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Reynolds JN, Weinberg J, Clarren S, Beaulieu C, Rasmussen C, Kobor M, et al. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders: gene-environment interactions, predictive biomarkers, and the relationship between structural alterations in the brain and functional outcomes. Semin Pediatr Neurol. 2011;18:49–55.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Chudley AE, Conry J, Cook JL, Loock C, Rosales T, LeBlanc N. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder: Canadian guidelines for diagnosis. Can Med Assoc J. 2005;172(5 Suppl):S1–21.
Article
Google Scholar
Price ME, Cotton AM, Lam LL, Farré P, Emberly E, Brown CJ, et al. Additional annotation enhances potential for biologically-relevant analysis of the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 BeadChip array. Epigenetics Chromatin. 2013;6:4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-8935-6-4.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Teschendorff AE, Marabita F, Lechner M, Bartlett T, Tegner J, Gomez-Cabrero D, et al. A Beta-mixture quantile normalization method for correcting probe design bias in Illumina Infinium 450k DNA methylation data. Bioinformatics. 2012;29:189–96.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Leek JT, Johnson WE, Parker HS, Jaffe AE, Storey JD. The sva package for removing batch effects and other unwanted variation in high-throughput experiments. Bioinformatics. 2012;28:882–3.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Du P, Zhang X, Huang C-C, Jafari N, Kibbe WA, Hou L, et al. Comparison of Beta-value and M-value methods for quantifying methylation levels by microarray analysis. BMC Bioinformatics. 2010;11:587. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2105-11-587.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Smith AK, Kilaru V, Klengel T, Mercer KB, Bradley B, Conneely KN, et al. DNA extracted from saliva for methylation studies of psychiatric traits: evidence tissue specificity and relatedness to brain. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2015;168:36–44.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Smyth GK. Linear models and empirical bayes methods for assessing differential expression in microarray experiments. Stat Appl Genet Mol Biol. 2004;3:Article3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Benjamini Y, Hochberg Y. Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. J R Stat Soc Ser B. 1995;57:289–300. https://doi.org/10.2307/2346101.
Google Scholar
Berko ER, Suzuki M, Beren F, Lemetre C, Alaimo CM, Calder RB, et al. Mosaic epigenetic dysregulation of ectodermal cells in autism spectrum disorder. PLoS Genet. 2014;10:e1004402. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1004402.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kuhn M. Building predictive models in R using the caret package. J Stat Software. 2008;1(5) https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v028.i05.
Breton CV, Marsit CJ, Faustman E, Nadeau K, Goodrich JM, Dolinoy DC, et al. Small-magnitude effect sizes in epigenetic end points are important in children’s environmental health studies: the Children’s environmental health and disease prevention research center’s epigenetics working group. Environ Health Perspect. 2017;125:511–26. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP595.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ladd-Acosta C, Hansen KD, Briem E, Fallin MD, Kaufmann WE, Feinberg AP. Common DNA methylation alterations in multiple brain regions in autism. Mol Psychiatry. 2014;19:862–71.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Rakyan VK, Down TA, Balding DJ, Beck S. Epigenome-wide association studies for common human diseases. Nat Rev Genet. 2011;12:529–41.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Lappalainen T, Greally JM. Associating cellular epigenetic models with human phenotypes. Nat Rev Genet. 2017;18:441–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrg.2017.32
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Liu Y, Aryee MJ, Padyukov L, Fallin MD, Hesselberg E, Runarsson A, et al. Epigenome-wide association data implicate DNA methylation as an intermediary of genetic risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Biotechnol. 2013;31:142–7. https://doi.org/10.1038/nbt.2487.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Sánchez-Mora C, Ribasés M, Casas M, Bayés M, Bosch R, Fernàndez-Castillo N, et al. Exploring DRD4 and its interaction with SLC6A3 as possible risk factors for adult ADHD: a meta-analysis in four European populations. Am J Med Genet Part B, Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156B:600–12.
Article
Google Scholar
Dadds MR, Schollar-Root O, Lenroot R, Moul C, Hawes DJ. Epigenetic regulation of the DRD4 gene and dimensions of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2016;25:1081–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00787-016-0828-3.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Ji H, Wang Y, Jiang D, Liu G, Xu X, Dai D, et al. Elevated DRD4 promoter methylation increases the risk of Alzheimer’s disease in males. Mol Med Rep. 2016;14:2732–8.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Cheng J, Wang Y, Zhou K, Wang L, Li J, Zhuang Q, et al. Male-specific association between dopamine receptor D4 gene methylation and schizophrenia. PLoS One. 2014;9:e89128. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0089128
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Kordi-Tamandani DM, Sahranavard R, Torkamanzehi A. Analysis of association between dopamine receptor genes’ methylation and their expression profile with the risk of schizophrenia. Psychiatr Genet. 2013;23:183–7. http://journals.lww.com/psychgenetics/Abstract/2013/10000/Analysis_of_association_between_dopamine_receptor.1.aspx.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Docherty SJ, Davis OSP, Haworth CMA, Plomin R, D’Souza U, Mill J. A genetic association study of DNA methylation levels in the DRD4 gene region finds associations with nearby SNPs. Behav Brain Funct. 2012;8:31. https://doi.org/10.1186/1744-9081-8-31.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Ptáček R, Kuželová H, Stefano GB. Dopamine D4 receptor gene DRD4 and its association with psychiatric disorders. Med Sci Monit. 2011;17:RA215–20. https://doi.org/10.12659/MSM.881925.
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Bau CH, Almeida S, Costa FT, Garcia CE, Elias EP, Ponso AC, et al. DRD4 and DAT1 as modifying genes in alcoholism: interaction with novelty seeking on level of alcohol consumption. Mol Psychiatry. 2001;6:7–9.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Zhang H, Herman AI, Kranzler HR, Anton RF, Zhao H, Zheng W, et al. Array-based profiling of DNA methylation changes associated with alcohol dependence. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2013;37(Suppl 1):E108–15.
Article
CAS
PubMed
Google Scholar
Faraone SV, Bonvicini C, Scassellati C. Biomarkers in the diagnosis of ADHD––promising directions. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2014;16:497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-014-0497-1.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Chen D, Liu F, Shang Q, Song X, Miao X, Wang Z. Association between polymorphisms of DRD2 and DRD4 and opioid dependence: evidence from the current studies. Am J Med Genet Part B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2011;156:661–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.b.31208.
Article
CAS
Google Scholar
Lowe R, Gemma C, Beyan H, Hawa MI, Bazeos A, Leslie RD, et al. Buccals are likely to be a more informative surrogate tissue than blood for epigenome-wide association studies. Epigenetics. 2013;8:445–54.
Article
CAS
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Hannon E, Spiers H, Viana J, Pidsley R, Burrage J, Murphy TM, et al. Methylation QTLs in the developing brain and their enrichment in schizophrenia risk loci. Nat Neurosci. 2015;19:48–54. https://doi.org/10.1038/nn.4182.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Esposito EA, Jones MJ, Doom JR, MacIsaac JL, Gunnar MR, Kobor MS. Differential DNA methylation in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in adolescents exposed to significant early but not later childhood adversity. Dev Psychopathol. 2016;28 4pt2:1385–99. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0954579416000055.
Article
Google Scholar
Coggins TE, Timler GR, Olswang LB. A state of double jeopardy: impact of prenatal alcohol exposure and adverse environments on the social communicative abilities of school-age children with fetal alcohol spectrum disorder. Lang Speech Hear Serv Sch. 2007;38:117–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/0161-1461(2007/012)
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Balaraman S, Schafer JJ, Tseng AM, Wertelecki W, Yevtushok L, Zymak-Zakutnya N, et al. Plasma miRNA profiles in pregnant women predict infant outcomes following prenatal alcohol exposure. PLoS One. 2016;11:e0165081. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0165081.
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
Mesa DA, Kable JA, Coles CD, Jones KL, Yevtushok L, Kulikovsky Y, et al. The use of cardiac orienting responses as an early and scalable biomarker of alcohol-related neurodevelopmental impairment. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 2017;41:128–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/acer.13261.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Goh PK, Doyle LR, Glass L, Jones KL, Riley EP, Coles CD, et al. A decision tree to identify children affected by prenatal alcohol exposure. J Pediatr. 2016;177:121–127.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.06.047
Article
PubMed
PubMed Central
Google Scholar
McQuire C, Paranjothy S, Hurt L, Mann M, Farewell D, Kemp A. Objective measures of prenatal alcohol exposure: a systematic review. Pediatrics. 2016;138 https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2016-0517.
Tseng P-H, Cameron IGM, Pari G, Reynolds JN, Munoz DP, Itti L. High-throughput classification of clinical populations from natural viewing eye movements. J Neurol. 2013;260:275–84. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-012-6631-2.
Article
PubMed
Google Scholar
Kelleher E, Corvin A. Overlapping etiology of neurodevelopmental disorders. In: The genetics of Neurodevelopmental disorders: Wiley; 2015. p. 29–48. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118524947.ch2.