From: Abnormal DNA methylation within HPA-axis genes years after paediatric critical illness
Demographics and medical characteristics of participants | Healthy children N = 392 | PICU patients N = 818 | p valuei | PICU patients No GC N = 608 | PICU patients GC N = 210 | p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Demographics | ||||||
Age at 2-year follow-up (years)—median (IQR) | 3.8 (2.6–8.2) | 3.4 (2.6–7.9) | 0.96 | 3.2 (2.6–7.9) | 3.6 (2.6–8.0) | 0.31 |
Sex | Â | Â | 0.19 | Â | Â | 0.10 |
 Male—no (%) | 212 (54.1) | 475 (58.1) |  | 343 (56.4) | 132 (62.9) |  |
 Female—no (%) | 180 (45.9) | 343 (41.9) |  | 265 (43.6) | 78 (37.1) |  |
Known non-Caucasian racea—no (%) | 32 (8.2) | 66 (8.1) | 0.95 | 42 (6.9) | 24 (11.4) | 0.045 |
Known non-European origina—no (%) | 51 (13.0) | 144 (17.6) | 0.038 | 96 (15.8) | 48 (22.9) | 0.023 |
Known not exclusive Dutch or English language—no (%) | 73 (18.6) | 190 (23.2) | 0.066 | 140 (23.0) | 50 (23.8) | 0.81 |
Socioeconomic status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
 Educational level parentsb |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  | 0.20 |
  Educational level 1 | 13 (3.3) | 41 (5.0) |  | 32 (5.3) | 9 (4.3) |  |
  Educational level 1.5 | 22 (5.6) | 59 (7.2) |  | 43 (7.1) | 16 (7.6) |  |
  Educational level 2 | 54 (13.8) | 201 (24.6) |  | 147 (24.2) | 54 (25.7) |  |
  Educational level 2.5 | 73 (18.6) | 135 (16.5) |  | 99 (16.3) | 36 (17.1) |  |
  Educational level 3 | 212 (54.1) | 208 (25.4) |  | 167 (27.5) | 41 (19.5) |  |
  Educational level unknown | 18 (4.6) | 174 (21.3) |  | 120 (19.7) | 54 (25.7) |  |
 Occupational level parentsc |  |  | < 0.0001 |  |  | 0.44 |
  Occupational level 1 | 2 (0.5) | 12 (1.5) |  | 10 (1.6) | 2 (1.0) |  |
  Occupational level 1.5 | 23 (5.9) | 75 (9.2) |  | 58 (9.5) | 17 (8.1) |  |
  Occupational level 2 | 49 (12.5) | 141 (17.2) |  | 102 (16.8) | 39 (18.6) |  |
  Occupational level 2.5 | 29 (7.4) | 79 (9.7) |  | 63 (10.4) | 16 (7.6) |  |
  Occupational level 3 | 85 (21.7) | 130 (15.9) |  | 99 (16.3) | 31 (14.8) |  |
  Occupational level 3.5 | 41 (10.5) | 54 (6.6) |  | 40 (6.6) | 14 (6.7) |  |
  Occupational level 4 | 116 (29.6) | 111 (13.6) |  | 87 (14.3) | 24 (11.4) |  |
  Occupational level unknown | 47 (12.0) | 216 (26.4) |  | 149 (24.5) | 67 (31.9) |  |
Medical characteristics | ||||||
STRONGkids risk leveld |  |  | – |  |  | 0.30 |
 Medium—no (%) | NA | 736 (90.0) |  | 551 (90.6) | 185 (88.1) |  |
 High—no (%) | NA | 82 (10.0) |  | 57 (9.4) | 25 (11.9) |  |
PeLOD score, first 24h in PICUe—mean (SD) | NA | 22 (12–32) | – | 22 (12–32) | 21 (11–31) | 0.012 |
PIM3 scoref—mean (SD) | NA | − 3.8 (− 4.4 to − 2.7)) | – | − 3.9 (− 4.4 to − 2.9) | − 3.0 (− 4.3 to − 0.9) | < 0.0001 |
PIM3 probability of deathg (%)—mean (SD) | NA | 2.3 (1.2–6.5) | – | 2.0 (1.2–5.3) | 4.6 (1.4–10.4) | < 0.0001 |
Randomisation to late-PN | NA | 412 (50.4) | Â - | 303 (49.8) | 109 (51.9) | 0.60 |
Diagnostic category |  |  | – |  |  | < 0.0001 |
 Cardiac surgery—no (%) | NA | 364 (44.5) |  | 308 (50.7) | 56 (26.7) |  |
 Elective other surgery—no (%) | NA | 116 (14.2) |  | 85 (14.0) | 31 (14.8) |  |
 Urgent other surgery—no (%) | NA | 142 (17.4) |  | 96 (15.8) | 46 (21.9) |  |
 Medical diagnosis—no (%) | NA | 196 (24.0) |  | 119 (19.6) | 77 (36.7) |  |
Malignancy—no (%) | 0 (0.0) | 39 (4.8) | < 0.0001 | 18 (3.0) | 21 (10.0) | 0.0001 |
Syndromeh—no (%) | 4 (1.0) | 168 (20.5) | < 0.0001 | 118 (19.4) | 50 (23.8) | 0.17 |