Cell type | Advantages | Disadvantages | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
ESCs | High proliferative and pluripotent potential; can differentiate into various types and region-specific NS/PCs | Ethical concerns; risk of immune rejection and teratoma formation | |
MSCs | Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; secrete neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines; can differentiate into osteoblasts, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes | Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; variable quality and potency | |
SCs | Can remyelinate host axons and enhance axonal regeneration; secrete neurotrophic factors and inhibit scar formation; can be derived from peripheral nerves or iPSCs | Limited sources and availability; risk of immune rejection and tumor formation for allogeneic SCs; may cause aberrant sprouting or synaptogenesis | |
OECs | Can remyelinate host axons and enhance axonal regeneration; secrete neurotrophic factors and inhibit scar formation; can cross the glial scar and guide axonal growth; can be derived from olfactory mucosa or iPSCs | Limited sources and availability; risk of immune rejection and tumor formation for allogeneic OECs; may cause aberrant sprouting or synaptogenesis | |
UCBDCs | Abundant and accessible sources; low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; secrete neurotrophic factors and anti-inflammatory cytokines; can differentiate into neurons, glia, and endothelial cells | Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; variable quality and potency | |
HFSCs | Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; can differentiate into epidermal cells and sebaceous gland cells; can be reprogrammed into iPSCs | Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; may cause hair overgrowth or cyst formation | |
EPI-NCSCs | Low immunogenicity and tumorigenicity; easy to isolate and expand; can differentiate into neurons, glia, melanocytes, and smooth muscle cells; can be reprogrammed into iPSCs | Low differentiation and integration capacity; limited survival and engraftment in vivo; may cause pigmentation or tumor formation |