Table 1 Cohort characteristics

% Male (N)

289

53.6% (155)

686

55.1% (378)

p = 0.879

% Maternal intervention (N)

289

46.3% (140)

686

46.8% (321)

p  = 0.839

Age (years)

289

9.0 (8.6–9.2)

686

5.8 (5.6–6.0)

****p  < 2.2 × 10^–16

WHO weight-for-age Z-score

289

−1.37 ± 0.91

686

−1.70 ± 1.07

***p = 6.36 × 10^–4

% Underweight (N)

289

20.8% (60)

686

40.2% (276)

***p = 2.78 × 10^–8

WHO height-for-age Z-score

289

−0.72 ± 0.85

686

−1.01 ± 0.96

***p = 2.13 × 10^–9

BMI (Kg/m²)

289

14.4 ± 1.3

686

13.4 ± 1.4

****p < 2.2 × 10^–16

% Stunted (N)

289

7.6% (22)

686

15.3% (105)

**p = 0.002

% Wasted (N)

289

22.5% (65)

686

37.2% (255)

***p = 2.19 × 10^–5

Blood pressure

Systolic blood pressure (mmHg)

287

110.0 ± 8.2

682

92.1 ± 8.5

p = 0.464

Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg)

289

64.4 ± 8.1

682

56.0 ± 7.5

p = 0.978

Pulse pressure (mmHg)

287

45.6 ± 7.5

682

36.1 ± 6.0

p = 0.598

OGTT

Fasting glucose (mmol/l)

280

4.81 ± 0.56

669

4.71 ± 0.50

p = 0.857

30-min glucose (mmol/l)

276

7.09 ± 1.40

663

6.84 ± 1.58

p = 0.769

120-min glucose (mmol/l)

281

5.27 ± 0.95

651

4.69 ± 0.90

p = 0.823

Fasting insulin (pmol/l)

287

19.2 ± 11.6

674

30.2 ± 39.9

p = 0.908

30-min insulin (pmol/l)

271

187.0 ± 116

656

170.1 ± 132.1

p = 0.146

HOMA2-S

278

0.44 ± 0.15

665

0.64 ± 0.66

p = 0.332

Insulinogenic index

257

8.64 ± 37.0

643

9.99 ± 51.6

p = 0.360

Insulinogenic index adjusted for HOMA2-S

257

21.5 ± 98.3

643

23.5 ± 130.0

p = 0.489

Blood lipids

Triglycerides (mmol/l)

270

0.62 ± 0.22

674

0.89 ± 0.34

p = 0.896

HDL-C (mmol/l)

270

1.18 ± 0.29

674

1.03 ± 0.22

p = 0.256

LDL-C (mmol/l)

261

2.18 ± 0.59

673

2.31 ± 0.63

p = 0.668