Fig. 8

Human subjects given a broccoli sprout extract, or consuming high levels of cruciferous vegetables, have altered HDAC3 and p16 expression. a Human subjects (n = 5, each arm of the study) consumed a broccoli sprout extract supplement (BSE, 200 μmol SFN equivalent, IND #111736) or a placebo for 7 days, and blood was drawn at the times indicated. b Total levels of SFN and its metabolites in plasma (black symbols), and b, c HDAC3 and p16 protein expression changes in circulating PBMCs. Results are from a single volunteer and are representative of other subjects who took the BSE supplement. No such changes occurred after taking the placebo (data not shown). Individual SFN metabolites, noted in Additional file 3: Table S2, were determined as reported [27]. d Study design in screening colonoscopy patients. e Relative mRNA expression of p16 in subjects reporting low (0–1 servings/week) vs. high (>5 servings/week) cruciferous vegetable intake. f Immunoblotting of colon biopsies, arranged left to right according to cruciferous vegetable intake. g–i Associations between p16, HDAC3, AcH4K12, and Nrf2 normalized to β-actin (relative densitometry of proteins in panel f)