Table 1 Demographic and metabolic characteristics of participants

Sex (male/female)

2/6

8/24

Age (years)

28.1 ± 4.5

49.5 ± 2.4**

BMI (kg/m²)

23.1 ± 0.6

36.6 ± 1.2***

Fasting glucose (mg/dL)

83.9 ± 1.9

95.9 ± 2.4*

Fasting insulin (μU/mL)

9.4 ± 1.6

21.8 ± 2.5*

HOMA-IR

1.94 ± 0.32

5.31 ± 0.68*

Triglyceride (mg/dL)

94.9 ± 16.6

145.8 ± 20.5

HDL (mg/dL)

59.8 ± 4.1

53.8 ± 2.1

LDL (mg/dL)

94.4 ± 8.3

115.6 ± 4.8*

VLDL (mg/dL)

19.0 ± 3.3

29.2 ± 4.1

LDL/HDL ratio

1.7 ± 0.2

2.2 ± 0.1*

Total cholesterol (mg/dL)

173.2 ± 7.5

195.2 ± 6.2

Total cholesterol/HDL

3.0 ± 0.3

3.8 ± 0.2*

HbA1c (%)

5.4 ± 0.1

5.7 ± 0.1