Table 1 Participant characteristics and adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) of mother/newborn pairs included in analyses
From: Maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and DNA methylation of newborns in cord blood
Characteristic (N = 196) | Mean ± SD or N (%) |
|---|---|
Maternal age at delivery (years) | 25.7 ± 4.8 |
Maternal parity (births) | 1.2 ± 1.1 |
Maternal pre-pregnancy BMI | 27.2 ± 5.1 |
Highest level of education attained by mother | |
6th grade or lower | 80 (40.8%) |
7–12th grade | 79 (40.3%) |
High school graduate | 37 (18.9%) |
Mother ever smoked during pregnancy | |
Yes | 8 (4.1%) |
No | 188 (95.9%) |
Mother’s marital status at time of birth | |
Married | 85 (43.4%) |
Living as married | 76 (38.8%) |
Separated | 7 (3.6%) |
Divorced | 3 (1.5%) |
Single, never married | 25 (12.8%) |
Mother’s country of origin | |
USA | 22 (11.2%) |
Mexico | 172 (87.8%) |
Other | 2 (1.0%) |
Years mother spent in USA | |
 ≤ 1 years | 34 (17.3%) |
2–5 years | 53 (27.0%) |
6–10 years | 57 (29.1%) |
11 + years | 52 (26.5%) |
Maternal ACEs | |
Emotional abuse | 43 (21.9%) |
Physical abuse | 47 (24.0%) |
Sexual abuse | 27 (13.8%) |
Emotional neglect | 44 (22.4%) |
Physical neglect | 31 (15.8%) |
Domestic violence in household | 33 (16.8%) |
Substance abuse in household | 40 (20.4%) |
Mental illness in household | 19 (9.7%) |
Household member incarcerated | 17 (8.7%) |
Parents divorced | 42 (21.4%) |
Total number of ACEs reported | |
0 ACEs | 101 (51.5%) |
1–3 ACEs | 52 (26.5%) |
4–10 ACEs | 43 (21.9%) |
Newborn sex | |
Male | 94 (48.0%) |
Female | 102 (52.0%) |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.1 ± 1.5 |