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Table 1 Participant characteristics

From: Accelerated DNA methylation age plays a role in the impact of cardiovascular risk factors on the human heart

 

Overall (n = 498)

Women (n = 246)

Men (n = 252)

p value

Demographics

 

 Age, years

63.48 (62.75, 63.97)

63.47 (60.48, 63.95)

63.49 (62.45, 63.97)

0.710

 SEP, Non-Manual

152 (30.5%)

64 (26.0%)

88 (34.9%)

0.039

 Smoking

  Current smoker

47 (10.1%)

26 (5.6%)

21 (4.5%)

1.2e−05

  Ex-smoker

190 (40.7%)

68 (14.6%)

122 (26.1%)

  Never smoked

230 (49.2%)

135 (28.9%)

95 (20.3%)

 Alcohol, units/day

3.4 (2.1, 4.02)

2.7 (1.9, 4.4)

4.0 (2.7, 6.0)

1.24e−06

 Physical activity, yes

(exercise ≥ 1 time/month)

188 (42.7%)

96 (43.7%)

92 (41.8%)

0.923

Cardiometabolic exposures

 BMI, kg/m2

27.20 (24.62, 30.20)

26.81 (24.52, 30.73)

27.46 (24.94, 30.00)

0.338

 Diabetes, yes

107 (21.5%)

45 (18.3%)

62 (24.6%)

0.138

 High cholesterol, yes

106 (21.3%)

33 (13.4%)

73 (29.0%)

3.7e−05

 Hypertension, yes

253 (50.8%)

108 (43.9%)

145 (57.5%)

0.003

 CVD, yes

35 (7.0%)

8 (3.3%)

27 (10.7%)

0.002

 Any CV risk factor, yes

340 (68.3%)

153 (62.2%)

187 (74.2%)

0.005

DNAm mediators

 DNAm AgeHannum, years

51.70 (48.94, 54.28)

49.91 (47.87, 52.61)

52.88 (50.71, 55.46)

2.4e−16

 DNAm AgeHorvath, years

57.91 (55.47, 60.46)

57.30 (54.85, 59.56)

58.69 (56.26, 61.26)

5.6e−05

 DNAm PhenoAge, years

48.03 (44.42, 51.88)

47.82 (43.75, 51.98)

48.14 (44.85, 51.74)

0.216

 DNAm GrimAge, years

61.70 (59.36, 65.23)

60.02 (57.95, 63.24)

63.04 (61.08, 66.82)

2.2e−16

 AgeAccelHannum, years

− 0.21 (− 2.99, 2.31)

− 2.14 (− 4.13, 0.72)

1.19 (− 1.20, 3.60)

<2e−16

 AgeAccelHorvath, years

− 0.21 (− 2.65, 2.57)

− 0.79 (− 3.3, 1.55)

0.62 (− 2.01, 3.04)

1e−04

 AgeAccelPheno, years

− 0.55 (− 4.05, 3.47)

− 0.91 (− 4.85, 3.63

0.08 (− 3.57, 3.38)

0.118

 AgeAccelGrim, years

− 1.18 (− 3.46, 2.39)

− 2.66 (− 4.85, 0.02)

0.15 (− 1.96, 3.79)

3.1e−16

A-ECG outcomes

 Bayesian A-ECG age, years

68.98 (65.66, 72.39)

70.21 (66.64, 73.37)

67.95 (65.05, 71.14)

2.5e−06

 DNN ECG-based age, years

60.59 (52.91, 68.67)

59.62 (51.70, 66.39)

62.65 (54.68, 69.71)

0.005

 LVSD

2.59 (− 1.67, 3.59)

2.21 (1.45, 3.12)

3.04 (2.04, 4.06)

1.8e−07

 LVER

3.66 (− 0.21, 6.63)

3.63 (− 0.34, 6.28)

3.68 (− 0.18, 7.19)

0.497

  1. All variables are presented as counts (percentages) if categorial or median (interquartile range) if continuous. Comparisons were made using the Chi-Squared test with Yates continuity correction for categorical and Mann–Whitney U-test for continuous variables. Significant p-values are presented in bold
  2. A-ECG = advanced electrocardiography; AgeAccel = age acceleration; BMI = body mass index; CV = cardiovascular, CVD = cardiovascular disease; DNAm = DNA methylation; DNN = deep neural network; LVER = left ventricular electrical remodeling; LVSD = left ventricular systolic dysfunction; SEP = socio-economic position
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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