Fig. 3

Effects of HTG on liver cells stimulated with FFA (free fatty acids). a Cell viability of LO2 cells stimulated with different concentrations of FFA (0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 1.5 mM) for 24 h. b Cell viability of LO2 cells after HTG treatment (0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%) for 24 h. c Integrated density per LO2 cell after red oil O staining. d, e TC, TG levels of LO2 cells after 20% HTG-medicated serum treatment for 24 h. f Red oil O staining of HepG2 cells after 10% HTG-medicated serum treatment for 24 h. Scale bars, 25 μm. g TG levels of HepG2 cells after HTG treatment for 24 h. h, i Pyruvate, lactate levels in LO2 cells after HTG treatment. j, k, l Extracellular acidification rate (ECAR), basal glycosis, and compensatory glycolysis in LO2 cells. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, versus FFA group