Fig. 2

Manhattan plots of the meta-analysed data showing the association of season of birth and DNA methylation at birth using neonatal blood data (A) and during childhood using whole blood data (B). Birth seasons with FDR-significant CpGs when compared to autumn as the reference season alone are shown in the figure. The blue and red lines indicate the threshold p values for false discovery rate (FDR) and the Bonferroni adjustments, respectively. The observed p values on the Y-axis are from models adjusted for covariates and cell types for the seasons indicated in the figures when compared to autumn as the reference season. Genes associated with the CpGs (circled) are indicated. All cohort-specific EWAS analyses were adjusted for gender of the child, gestational age at delivery, maternal age at delivery, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal socio-economic status, batch, child’s age at the time of sample collection (in the case of childhood samples and if data were available) and estimated cell proportions. *This CpG (cg01801443, location: intergenic) has a SNP within 10 base pairs and is not included in Table 1