Table 1 Baseline characteristics of members of the Epidemiology of Diabetes Complications (EDC) Study DNA methylation sub-cohort who were free of any CVD at baseline
Characteristic | Overall (n = 368) | Incident CVD (n = 172) | No CVD (n = 196) | p value‡ |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age, years | 29.2 (7.7) | 32.2 (7.4) | 26.5 (7.0) | < 0.001 |
Type 1 diabetes duration, years | 20.9 (7.6) | 24.0 (7.8) | 18.1 (6.3) | < 0.001 |
Age at type 1 diabetes Onset, years | 8.3 (4.1) | 8.2 (3.8) | 8.3 (4.3) | 0.927 |
Female sex, % (n) | 46.3% (176) | 50.0% (86) | 45.9% (90) | 0.581 |
≥ Bachelor’s degree, % (n) | 35.3% (130) | 29.7% (51) | 40.3% (79) | 0.003 |
HbA1c, % | 9.0 (1.5) | 9.3 (1.5) | 8.9 (1.5) | 0.007 |
HbA1c, mmol/mol | 75.3 (16.4) | 77.7 (16.6) | 73.2 (16.0) | |
Smoking status, % (n) | ||||
 Never | 63.9% (235) | 58.1% (100) | 68.9% (135) | 0.001 |
 Past | 15.5% (57) | 15.7% (27) | 15.3% (30) | |
 Current | 20.7% (76) | 26.2% (45) | 15.8% (31) | |
Smoking, pack-years* | 0 (0, 3) | 0 (0, 10) | 0 (0, 0.2) | < 0.001 |
Body Mass Index, kg/m2 | 24.2 (3.3) | 24.8 (3.3) | 23.7 (3.2) | < 0.001 |
Insulin dose, insulin units/kg body weight | 0.78 (0.25) | 0.77 (0.25) | 0.79 (0.24) | 0.122 |
MDI†or insulin pump use, % (n) | 13.8% (50) | 13.0% (22) | 14.5% (28) | 0.437 |
Self-monitoring of blood glucose, % (n) | 72.6% (267) | 72.0% (124) | 73.0% (143) | 0.925 |
Estimated glucose disposal rate, mg/kg/min | 7.55 (2.01) | 6.95 (2.14) | 8.08 (1.74) | < 0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dl) | 186.8 (40.5) | 202.4 (38.6) | 173.1 (37.1) | < .0001 |
HDLc (mg/dl) | 53.4 (12.4) | 53.5 (12.7) | 53.4 (12.3) | 0.774 |
Non-HDLc (mg/dl) | 133.4 (39.1) | 148.9 (38.3) | 119.7 (34.8) | < 0.001 |
Triglycerides (mg/dl)* | 80.0 (57.0, 118.0) | 95.5 (67.8, 137.3) | 67.0 (53.0, 118.0) | < 0.001 |
Lipid medication, % (n) | 1.1% (4) | 2.3% (4) | 0% (0) | 0.008 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 113.8 (15.8) | 118.1 (17.6) | 110.0 (12.9) | < 0.001 |
Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | 72.5 (11.0) | 74.5 (12.1) | 70.7 (9.5) | < 0.001 |
Hypertension, % (n) | 17.4% (64) | 26.7% (46) | 9.2% (18) | < 0.001 |
Blood pressure medication, % (n) | 11.0% (40) | 18.0% (31) | 4.6% (9) | < 0.001 |
Pulse rate, bpm | 75.7 (10.8) | 77.4 (10.5) | 74.2 (10.8) | 0.005 |
Albumin excretion rate, µg/min* | 11.4 (5.5, 22.9) | 19.6 (8.1, 288.5) | 8.9 (5.5, 73.9) | < 0.001 |
Estimated glomerular filtration rate, ml/min/1.73 m2 | 112.7 (31.1) | 106.7 (32.4) | 117.9 (28.9) | < 0.001 |
White blood cell count, × 109 cells/l | 6.9 (2.1) | 7.3 (2.0) | 6.7 (7.3) | < 0.001 |