Table 1 Characteristics of the study subjects
Comparison | Discovery cohort (EPI-DG) | Validation cohort (EPIPREG) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Basal (24/28 weeks) n = 32 | Antenatal (36–38 weeks) n = 32 | Complete cohort n = 472 | European n = 307 | South Asian n = 165 | |||||||||||
Non-GDM (n = 16) | GDM (n = 16) | P | Non-GDM (n = 16) | GDM (n = 16) | P | Non-GDM (n = 331) | GDM (n = 141) | P | Non-GDM (n = 234) | GDM (n = 73) | P | Non-GDM (n = 97) | GDM (n = 68) | P | |
Age | 34.2 ± 4.5 | 33.8 ± 4.1 | NS | 29.4 ± 4.6 | 29.4 ± 4.8 | NS | 30.1 ± 4.5 | 30.14 ± 4.9 | NS | 27.9 ± 4.5 | 28.7 ± 4.7 | NS | |||
Gestational age (weeks) | 27.6 ± 2.1 | 28.1 ± 2.8 | NS | 35.8 ± 1.4 | 36.25 ± 1.1 | NS | 27.9 ± 12.9 | 27.9 ± 13.0 | NS | 28.1 ± 12.5 | 28.0 ± 13.8 | NS | 27.5 ± 10.2 | 27.8 ± 12.1 | NS |
O’sullivan (mg/dl) | 160.7 ± 16.3 | 172.9 ± 22.2 | NS | NS | |||||||||||
Glucose 0’ (mmol/L) | 4.5 ± 0.4 | 4.9 ± 0.6 | 0.05 | 4.3 ± 0.8 | 4.4 ± 0.9 | NS | |||||||||
Glucose 60’ (mmol/L) | 8.2 ± 1.4 | 11.1 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Glucose120’ (mmol/L) | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 9.9 ± 1.2 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Glucose 180’ (mmol/L) | 5.8 ± 1.1 | 8.3 ± 1.3 | < 0.001 | ||||||||||||
Weight (Kg) | 75.4 ± 11.3 | 76.0 ± 13.5 | NS | 78.7 ± 11.9 | 76.5 ± 13.1 | NS | 73.4 ± 13.2 | 77.4 ± 14.9 | 2.0E−03 | 76.5 ± 13.2 | 81.7 ± 15.3 | 2.0E−03 | 65.94 ± 9.9 | 72.8 ± 13.2 | 1.0E−04 |
Previous BMI | 25.5 ± 4.1 | 25.8 ± 4.5 | NS | 23.8 ± 4.32 | 25.6 ± 5.37 | 4.4E−04 | 24.1 ± 5.01 | 26.3 ± 6.05 | 5.00E−3 | 23.0 ± 3.2 | 24.84 ± 4.4 | 6.4E−03 | |||
SBP (mm Hg) | 104.2 ± 9.9 | 111.4 ± 15.4 | NS | 106.9 ± 12.8 | 109.1 ± 12.8 | NS | 103.9 ± 9.6 | 107.1 ± 9.2 | 1.0E−03 | 105.8 ± 9.5 | 110.1 ± 9.2 | 1.0E−2 | 99.2 ± 8.5 | 103.9 ± 8.2 | 1.0E−03 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 69.1 ± 8.2 | 70.1 ± 7.8 | NS | 71.2 ± 6.5 | 73.6 ± 8.8 | NS | 67.1 ± 7.3 | 68.4 ± 6.7 | 3.1E−03 | 67.8 ± 6.9 | 69.7 ± 7.2 | 2.4E−2 | 65.48 ± 7.68 | 67.1 ± 5.8 | NS |
Cholesterol (mmol/L) | 7.04 ± 1.2 | 6.7 ± 1.3 | NS | 7.1 ± 1.31 | 6.6 ± 1.4 | NS | 6.4 ± 1.04 | 5.9 ± 1.1 | 1.3E−06 | 6.5 ± 1.1 | 6.01 ± 1.1 | 7.0E−4 | 6.2 ± 1.02 | 5.7 ± 1.0 | 8.4E−03 |
HDL-chol (mmol/L) | 2.1 ± 0.47 | 2.01 ± 0.4 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.3 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 6.8E−04 | 2.00 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.1E−02 | 1.9 ± 0.4 | 1.8 ± 0.6 | 4.6E−02 |
Tg (mmol/L) | 2.2 ± 0.6 | 2.2 ± 0.5 | NS | 2.9 ± 0.9 | 2.8 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 2.0 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.7 | 1.9 ± 0.7 | NS | 1.9 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.7 | NS |
HbA1C (%) | 5.1 ± 0.28 | 5.3 ± 0.37 | NS | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 5.8 ± 1.6 | NS | 5.1 ± 0.5 | 5.3 ± 0.3 | 6.7E−11 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 4.3E−05 | 5.2 ± 0.3 | 5.4 ± 0.3 | 5.3E−05 |
HOMA-IR | 1.6 ± 0.7 | 2.1 ± 1.2 | NS | 3.5 ± 7.3 | 3.7 ± 4.2 | NS | 1.6 ± 0.6 | 2.1 ± 0.4 | 1.0E−08 | 1.5 ± 1.1 | 1.9 ± 0.9 | 1.4E−02 | 1.7 ± 0.7 | 2.3 ± 0.5 | 6.0E−06 |
Weight gain (Kg) | 3.3 ± 1.4 | 0.49 ± 2.6 | 1.0E−03 | ||||||||||||