Table 1 Characteristics of study participants before and 1-year after weight-loss intervention

Age, years

51 ± 8

–

–

50 ± 8

–

–

51 ± 9

–

–

0.973

Sex, male (%)

4 (16)

–

–

4 (16)

–

–

4 (16)

–

–

1.000

Diabetes, yes (%)

7 (28)

3 (12)

4 (57)

6 (24)

0

6 (100)

21 (84)

2 (8)

19 (90)

 < 0.001*

BMI, kg/m²

43.3 ± 6.5

38.3 ± 5.7

 − 5.0 ± 3.3

45.7 ± 5.3

36.9 ± 5

 − 8.8 ± 3.9

48.5 ± 6.2

31.2 ± 5.0

 − 17.2 ± 4.8

0.013*

Weight, kg

120 ± 26

106 ± 21

 − 14 ± 11

123 ± 16

100 ± 18

 − 24 ± 10

133 ± 20

86 ± 16

 − 47 ± 14

0.080

WC, cm

123 ± 15

115 ± 13

 − 7 ± 8

130 ± 10

110 ± 12

 − 20 ± 9

140 ± 11

101 ± 13

 − 38 ± 12

 < 0.001*

SBP, mmHg

126 ± 12

120 ± 17

 − 6 ± 12

129 ± 15

115 ± 13

 − 14 ± 19

129 ± 14

120 ± 19

 − 10 ± 20

0.572

DBP, mmHg

82 ± 9

80 ± 8

 − 2 ± 8

81 ± 8

73 ± 7

 − 8 ± 8

78 ± 11

73 ± 9

 − 5 ± 12

0.264

FPG, mg/dL

98 [90, 109]

93 [90, 98]

 − 3 [− 7, 2]

103 [94, 110]

92 [88, 96]

 − 11 [− 15, − 4]

118 [98, 155]

92 [84, 96]

 − 27 [− 58, − 6]

0.044*

HbA1c, %

5.7 [5.5, 6.1]

5.3 [5.2, 5.6]

 − 0.4 [− 0.5, − 0.2]

5.9 [5.8, 6.1]

5.4 [5.2, 5.6]

 − 0.5 [− 0.6, − 0.3]

7.2 [6.4, 9.1]

5.5 [5.3, 5.8]

 − 1.3 [− 3.1, − 0.8]

 < 0.001*