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Table 1 Basic characteristics of the 2474 participants stratified by smoking status

From: Epigenetic age acceleration mediates the association between smoking and diabetes-related outcomes

 

Non-smokers

Former smokersa

Current smokersb

p-valuec

Total

1879 (75.95%)

312 (12.61%)

283 (11.44%)

 

Age (year)

49.4 (11.2)

52.9 (10.2)

48.8 (10.6)

3.9E-07

Age range

30–70

30–70

30–70

 

Sex (male)

736 (39.2%)

272 (87.2%)

235 (83.0%)

3.8E-84

Drinkingd

72 (3.8%)

30 (9.6%)

69 (24.4%)

1.2E-36

Former smokers’ pack-years

–

12.9 (14.1)

–

 

Current smokers’ pack-years

–

–

20.8 (19.9)

 

Years since smoking cessation

–

12.9 (10.0)

–

 

Regular exercisee

819 (43.6%)

178 (57.1%)

95 (33.6%)

3.0E-08

Educational attainmentf

5.6 (0.9)

5.6 (0.9)

5.4 (0.8)

2.2E-04

BMI (kg/m2)

24.1 (3.7)

25.3 (3.2)

25.4 (3.7)

1.3E-14

FG (mg/dL)

94.4 (16.5)

98.9 (20.3)

102.2 (34.0)

8.0E-16

HbA1c (%)

5.7 (0.7)

5.8 (0.7)

5.9 (1.0)

1.7E-04

FEV1 (L)g

2.2 (0.8)

2.4 (0.8)

2.5 (0.8)

1.0E-09

FVC (L)g

3.0 (0.9)

3.4 (0.7)

3.5 (0.7)

3.9E-28

  1. The characteristics are presented in n (%) or mean ± standard deviation
  2. aFormer smokers were defined as those who “had previously smoked cigarettes for at least 6 months but had quit smoking for at least 6 months when participating in TWB”
  3. bCurrent smokers were defined as those who “had smoked cigarettes for at least 6 months and had not quit smoking when participating in TWB”
  4. cThe p-value of testing the mean or proportion difference among non-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers was based on a Kruskal–Wallis test for continuous variables or a Chi-square test for sex, drinking, and regular exercise
  5. dDrinking was defined as those who “had a weekly intake of more than 150 mL of alcoholic beverages for at least 6 months and had not stopped drinking when participating in TWB”
  6. eRegular exercise was defined as “performing exercise for 30 min thrice a week”. ‘Exercise’ included leisure-time activities such as jogging, swimming, cycling, yoga, resistance training, hiking, etc.
  7. fEducational attainment was an integer ranging from 1 to 7: 1 “illiterate”, 2 “no formal education but literate”, 3 “primary school graduate”, 4 “junior high school graduate”, 5 “senior high school graduate”, 6 “college graduate”, and 7 “Master’s or higher degree”
  8. gOnly 63.7% of the 2,474 TWB participants underwent lung function examinations. The measurements of FEV1 and FVC were based on 1576 individuals (1190 non-smokers, 201 former smokers, and 185 current smokers)
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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