Table 2 Characteristics of study participants in the training and validation sets
| Â | Training set | Validation set | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
HCC (n = 138) | LC (n = 59) | CHB (n = 59) | Healthy (n = 40) | P value* | HCC (n = 98) | LC (n = 40) | CHB (n = 30) | Healthy (n = 30) | P value* | ||||||
Age (year) | |||||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 56 (50–64) | 50 (43–56) | 45 (37–54) | 42 (34–54) |  < 0.001 | 57 (51–64) | 51 (43–57) | 50 (35–56) | 48 (35–55) |  < 0.001 | |||||
Gender | |||||||||||||||
Male (%) | 113 (79.7) | 45 (76.3) | 30 (50.8) | 25 (62.5) |  < 0.001 | 82 (83.7) | 30 (75.0) | 21 (70.0) | 17 (56.7) | 0.02 | |||||
Female (%) | 25 (20.3) | 14 (23.7) | 29 (49.2) | 15 (37.5) | Â | 16 (16.3) | 10 (25.0) | 9 (30.0) | 13 (43.3) | Â | |||||
Etiology | Â | Â | Â | NA | 0.016 | Â | Â | Â | NA | 0.507 | |||||
HBV (%) | 129 (93.5) | 48 (81.4) | 59 (100) | Â | Â | 88 (89.8) | 35 (87.5) | 30 (100) | Â | Â | |||||
Alcohol (%) | 2 (1.4) | 4 (6.8) | 0 | Â | Â | 3 (3.1) | 2 (5.0) | 0 | Â | Â | |||||
NAFLD (%) | 2 (1.4) | 2 (3.4) | 0 | Â | Â | 2 (2) | 0 | 0 | Â | Â | |||||
Other (%) | 5 (3.7) | 5 (8.4) | 0 | Â | Â | 5 (5.1) | 3 (7.5) | 0 | Â | Â | |||||
Cirrhosis (%) | 123 (89.1) | 59 (100) | NA | NA | Â | 90 (91.8) | 40 (100) | NA | NA | Â | |||||
AFP (ng/mL) | |||||||||||||||
Median (IQR) | 28.9 (4.8–822.7) | 4.2 (2.7–7.6) | 4.1 (2.4–6.1) | 2.0 (1.3–3.2) |  < 0.001 | 54.9 (3.5–992.9) | 4.4 (2.9–9.4) | 4.3 (3.1–7.1) | 3.6 (3.0–4.3) |  < 0.001 | |||||
 < 20 (%) | 66 (47.8) | 53 (89.8) | 56 (94.9) | 40 (100) |  < 0.001 | 40 (40.8) | 36 (90.0) | 28 (93.3) | 30 (100) |  < 0.001 | |||||
20–400 (%) | 31 (22.5) | 6 (10.2) | 3 (5.1) | 0 |  | 30 (30.6) | 4 (10.0) | 2 (6.7) | 0 |  | |||||
 > 400 (%) | 41 (29.7) | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | 28 (28.6) | 0 | 0 | 0 |  | |||||
BCLC stage | Â | NA | NA | NA | NA | Â | NA | NA | NA | NA | |||||
0 (%) | 6 (4.3) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 6 (6.1) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||||
A (%) | 70 (50.7) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 44 (44.9) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||||
B (%) | 27 (19.6) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 14 (14.3) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||||
C (%) | 27 (19.6) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 31 (31.6) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||||
D (%) | 8 (5.8) | Â | Â | Â | Â | 3 (3.1) | Â | Â | Â | Â | |||||