Table 1 Characteristics of maternal-infant pairs
| Â | Maternal diabetes status | Â | |
|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | Non-diabetes | Diabetes | P value |
n | 828 | 126 | Â |
Maternal characteristics | |||
 Maternal age (years) | 28.0 ± 6.5 | 30.8 ± 6.3 | < 0.001 |
 Race (non-Hispanic Black) | 588 (71.0) | 91 (72.2) | 0.862 |
 Education (college and above) | 282 (34.1) | 38 (30.2) | 0.446 |
 Parity (multiparous) | 442 (53.4) | 84 (66.7) | 0.007 |
 Smoking | 142 (17.1) | 23 (18.3) | 0.858 |
 Body mass index (kg/m2) | 26.3 ± 5.9 | 30.8 ± 8.1 | < 0.001 |
 Overweight or obesity at prepregnancy | 409 (49.4) | 97 (77.0) | < 0.001 |
 Neonatal characteristics | |||
 Sex (male) | 428 (51.7) | 76 (60.3) | 0.087 |
 Birthweight (g) | 3,134 ± 631 | 3,059 ± 870 | 0.241 |
 Gestational age (wks) | 38.8 ± 2.3 | 37.3 ± 3.4 | < 0.001 |
 Preterm birth | 132 (15.9) | 41 (32.5) | < 0.001 |
 Subtype of preterm birth | 0.063 | ||
  Spontaneous preterm | 102(77.3) | 25(61.0) |  |
  Medically indicated preterm | 30(22.7) | 16(39.0) |  |
 Low birthweight | 131 (15.8) | 27 (21.4) | 0.147 |
 Fetal growth | < 0.001 | ||
  Appropriate for gestational age | 664 (80.2) | 90 (71.4) |  |
  Small for gestational age | 90 (10.9) | 7 (5.6) |  |
  Large for gestational age | 74 (8.9) | 29 (23.0) |  |
 Predicted cord blood cell proportions | |||
  CD8 T cells | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.03 | 0.589 |
  CD4 T cells | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.12 ± 0.05 | 0.899 |
  Natural killer cells | 0.06 ± 0.03 | 0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.036 |
  B cells | 0.08 ± 0.03 | 0.09 ± 0.04 | 0.108 |
  Monocytes | 0.12 ± 0.03 | 0.11 ± 0.03 | 0.650 |
  Granulocytes | 0.37 ± 0.14 | 0.31 ± 0.15 | < 0.001 |
  Nucleated red blood cells | 0.18 ± 0.14 | 0.25 ± 0.18 | < 0.001 |