Table 1 Summary of DNAm EWAS in cohorts of PWH
Outcomes | Study design and characteristics of the study population | Platform | Key findings |
|---|---|---|---|
DNAm in HIV+ individuals with viremia [27] | Case–control study viremic HIV+ individuals compared to HIV-negative controls US veterans, predominantly male N = 186 | 450 K | 20 differentially methylated sites identified in the HIV+ cohort compared to the HIV− controls Hypomethylation of CpGs in promoter of NLRC5 gene associated with HIV infection |
DNAm of HIV 5’ LTR in HIV+ individuals on suppressive ART [28] | Cross-sectional study aviremic HIV+ individuals on suppressive ART N = 11 | Targeted | Low levels of methylated CpGs within the HIV 5’ LTR |
DNAm of HIV 5’ LTR of HIV+ individuals on suppressive ART [29] | Case control study aviremic individuals on ART compared to control group of viremic patients N = 6 | Targeted | High levels of DNAm in aviremic patients compared to < 0.1% of CpGs pf HIV-1 promoters in viremic patients |
DNAm profile HIV+ children with suppressed viral load [26] | Case control study HIV+ children on ART with undetectable VL and matched HIV- controls N = 180 | 450 K | 1309 differentially methylates CpGs in HIV+ children compared to age-matched HIV- controls Strong differential methylation in the region of NLRC5 gene as seen in adult cohorts |
Association between blood DNAm and lung function in HIV+ [22] | Cohort study HIV+ adults, detectable VL, not on ART and CD4 counts > 500, > 40 years old N = 161 | 850 K | Airflow obstruction defined by FEV1/FVC < 0.7 associated with differential DNAm |
Association between DNAm changes and eGFR in HIV+ individuals [31] | Case control study All male participants HIV + individuals and HIV- controls | 450 K | 15 differentially methylated CpG sites associated with eGFR in HIV + individuals |
DNAm of PBMCs in HIV+ individuals with cognitive impairment [33] | Case control study HIV+ individuals and HIV− controls N = 31 | 450 K | 1032 differentially methylated CpG sites associated with CI in HIV+ individuals compared to HIV− controls |
Epigenetic association with T2DM by HIV status and interaction effects [36] | Case control study HIV+ individuals and HIV− controls N = 681 | 450 K | Identification of several CpG sites in HIV+ individuals associated with T2DM |
Association between EWAS of smoking and HIV prognosis and mortality [45] | Retrospective cohort 1137 HIV+ individuals | 450Â K and 850Â K | Identification of 137 CpGs associated with smoking in PWH. DNAm CpGs also shown to be predictive of prognosis and mortality in PWH |
Mediation role of DNAm sites on the effect of cocaine use on HIV severity [48] | Longitudinal cohort study HIV+ veterans N = 1081 | 450 K | Identification of 12 differentially methylated CpG sites with significant mediation effects |
Interacting epigenetic factors in HIV+ individuals with HCV co-infection and IVDU [53] | Case control study HIV+ individuals with HCV and IVDU and HCV−/IVDU− controls N = 798 | 450 K | Significant methylation differences in genomes of HIV+/IVDU+/HCV+ individuals compared to controls |
Patterns of DNAm associated with progression of HIV infection [55] | Case control study HIV+ elite controllers, HIV+ individuals on ART with detectable VL, aviremic HIV+ individuals on ART, HIV- controls N = 85 samples from 64 individuals | 850 K | Differential methylation in CpG sites in viremic HIV+ individuals compared to HIV- controls, between viremic and aviremic individuals on ART and viremic individuals and elite controllers. No differences in DNAm in elite controllers compared to HIV− individuals |
Association between DNAm and mortality in HIV+ individuals [56] | Cohort study HIV+ veterans form the VACS cohort N = 1081 | 450 K | 393 CpG sites identified with excellent performance for predicting mortality risk in HIV+ individuals with high VACS score |