Fig. 1

Discovery strategy. To overcome the limitation of commonly used in DNA methylation arrays, which capture only a limited number of CpG sites throughout the whole genome, we performed whole genome bisulfite sequencing (WGBS) on 72 males in the city of Jincheng in China. Rare variants (MAF < 0.05) were removed according to our whole genome sequencing (WGS) dataset. We also performed RNA sequencing analysis (RNA-seq) on 75 local male individuals with the goal of finding differentially expressed genes between smokers and nonsmokers at the genomic level