Table 1 Summary of various successes in cellular reprogramming through ectopic expression of specific transcription factors or miRNAs, via CRISPR-Cas9 approach or via chemical inhibition of epigenetic machinery
From: Epigenetic reprogramming of cell identity: lessons from development for regenerative medicine
Sl. no | Starting cell | Reprogrammed cell | Factors used | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Fibroblast | Neurons | Ascl1, Brn2 and Myt1l | Vierbuchen et al. 2010 [26] |
2 | Fibroblast | Cardiomyocytes | Gata4, Mef2c and Tbx5 | Ieda et al. 2010 [40] |
3 | Fibroblast | Hepatocytes | HNF1α, Foxa3 and Gata4 | Huang et al. 2011 [44] |
4 | Fibroblast | iPSCs | Oct4, Klf4, Sox2 and cMyc | Yamanaka et al. 2006 [14] |
5 | Fibroblast | Myogenic cells | MyoD | Ito et al. 2017 [119] |
6 | Fibroblast | Neuron | miR-9/9* and miR-124 | Yoo et al. 2011 [63] |
7 | Non-myocytes | Induced cardiomyocyte | miR-1, miR-133, miR-208 and miR-499 | Jayawardena et al. 2012 [59] |
8 | B and T-cells | Macrophages | C/EBPα | Xie et al. 2004 [45] |
9 | ESCs | Trophoectodermal cells | Cdx2 | Strumpf et al. 2005 [120] |
10 | Acinar cells | Insulin producing B cells | MafA, Pdx1 and Ngn3 | Xu et al. 2013 [48] |
11 | Astrocytes | Glutamatergic Neurons | NeuroD1 | Guo et al. 2014 [121] |
12 | mESC | Neurons | NeuroD1 | Pataskar et. al. 2016 [29] |
13 | Neural precursor cell | Astrocyte | NFIA, ATF3 and RunX2 | Tiwari et. al. 2018 [33] |
14 | Fibroblast | Oligodendrocyte | SOX10, ZFP536, OLIG2 | Yang et al. 2013 [36] |
15 | Brain Pericytes | Neurons | Ascl1 and Sox2 | Karow et. al. 2018 [122] |
16 | Pluripotent stem cell | Adipocyte | CEBPb, PRDM16 | Ahfeldt et al. 2012 [123] |
17 | Fibroblast | Osteoblast | OCT4, RUNX2, OSX, MYC | Yamamoto et al. 2015 [124] |
18 | Fibroblast | iPSCs | CRISPR-dCas9 activation-OSKM and Lin28 | Weltner et al. 2018 [67] |
19 | Fibroblast | Myoblast | CRISPR-dCcas9 activation of Myod enhancer | Liu et al. 2016 [68] |
20 | Neural progenitor cell | Neuron | CRISPR-dCcas9 activation of Sox1 promoter | Baumann et al. 2019 [69] |
21 | Fibroblasts | Neurons | CRISPR-dCcas9 activation of Brn2, Ascl1, and Myt1l | Black et al. 2016 [70] |