Table 2 Pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine features of lean (n = 12; 6 males and 6 females) and obese (n = 18; 9 males and 9 females) individuals. Data are shown as median (first quartile—Q1; third quartile—Q3) and statistical differences between the two groups were tested using Mann-Whitney U test. IL, interleukin; IFNγ, interferon γ; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; IP-10, interferon gamma-induced protein 10; MCP1, monocyte chemotactic protein 1; MIP1, macrophage inflammatory protein 1; RANTES, regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed, and secreted

IL-1β (pg mL⁻¹)

3.1 (2.7; 3.4)

3.4 (2.8; 4.5)

IL-6 (pg mL⁻¹)

4.1 (3.0; 5.3)

8.6 (6.0; 11.1)

IL-7 (pg mL⁻¹)

9.0 (7.9; 12.0)

13.1 (8.8; 15.8)

IL-9 (pg mL⁻¹)

83.9 (59.0; 93.7)

83.9 (75.3; 96.7)

IL-12 (pg mL⁻¹)

25.6 (16.7; 40.1)

49.2 (34.9; 81.9)

IL-17 (pg mL⁻¹)

125.9 (111.0; 149.4)

130.5 (116.9; 164.1)

IFN-γ (pg mL⁻¹)

101.2 (91.2; 113.9)

108.3 (85.4; 126.3)

TNF-α (pg mL⁻¹)

48.6 (39.7; 52.7)

47.2 (39.0; 54.7)

IL-8 (pg mL⁻¹)

16.5 (12.8; 18.2)

31.9 (22.0; 46.8)

Eotaxin (pg mL⁻¹)

102.0 (63.8; 127.0)

116.3 (78.6; 157.6)

IP-10 (pg mL⁻¹)

313.3 (218.4; 850.3)

619.6 (528.5; 1095.1)

MCP-1 (pg mL⁻¹)

7.0 (4.3; 14.5)

30.3 (18.3; 39.5)

MIP-1α (pg mL⁻¹)

2.7 (2.6; 3.1)

3.2 (2.2; 4.5)

MIP-1β (pg mL⁻¹)

141.7 (90.5; 244.9)

202.6 (162.3; 424.4)

RANTES (pg mL⁻¹)

21480.8 (15677.0; 24610.0)

28724.8 (26390.0; 36752.0)