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Table 1 An overview of the effects of peptides on different epigenetic systems

From: Peptides as epigenetic modulators: therapeutic implications

Epigenetic mechanism

Peptide

Effect

Type

Source

Status

Reference

DNA methylation

Short peptides

Inhibition

Direct

Endogenous/synthetic

Pre-clinical

[59,60,61]

Aβ

Inhibition

Indirect

Endogenous

Pre-clinical

[62,63,64]

BCM7

Inhibition

Indirect

Milk

Pre-clinical

[65,66,67]

GM7

Inhibition

Indirect

Wheat

Pre-clinical

[66]

Histone methylation

HIP

Inhibition

Indirect

Endogenous

Clinical

[68]

EZH2 antagonists

Inhibition

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[69]

WHSC1 antagonist

Inhibition

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[70]

Histone demethylation

LSD1 antagonists

Inhibition

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[71]

Histone acetylation

Lunasin

Inhibition

Direct

Soybean

Clinical

[72]

Histone deacetylation

Romidepsin

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Approved

[73]

Burkholdacs

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[74]

Spiruchostatins

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[75]

Thailandepsin

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[76]

FR901375

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[77]

Largazole

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[78]

Plitidepsin

Inhibition

Direct

Tunica

Clinical

[79]

Chlamydocin

Inhibition

Direct

Fungal

Pre-clinical

[80]

Trapoxins

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[81]

CHAP

Inhibition

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[82, 83]

Apicidin

Inhibition

Direct

Bacterial

Pre-clinical

[84]

Microsporins

Inhibition

Direct

Fungal

Pre-clinical

[85]

Azumamides

Inhibition

Direct

Sponge

Pre-clinical

[86]

FR235222

Inhibition

Direct

Fungal

Pre-clinical

[87]

AS1387392

Inhibition

Direct

Fungal

Pre-clinical

[88]

miRNA

LK-L1C/K6W/L8C

miR-29b ↑

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[89]

LKKLLKLLKKWLKLKGX

LKKLLKLLKKLWKLKGX

miR-155 ↓

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[90]

L50

miR-21 ↓

Direct

Synthetic

Pre-clinical

[91]

LncRNA

BNP (Nesiritide)

LSINCT5 ↑

Direct

Endogenous

Approved

[92]