Table 2 Epigenetic changes in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), systemic sclerosis (SSc) and Sjogren’s syndrome (SS)
From: The emerging role of epigenetics in human autoimmune disorders
| Autoimmune disease | DNA methylation | Histone modification | miRNA |
|---|---|---|---|
| SLE |
↓ CD70, ↓ CD11a, ↓ CD40L, ↓ perforin ↓ T cell ↓ IFN signature [50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62,63] |
↑ H3, H4 methylation ↑ H3, H4 acetylation [64,65,66,67] | ↑ miR-21, ↑ miR-148a [68,69,70,71] |
| RA |
↓ T cell ↑ Synoviocytes [79, 80] | ↑ H3 acetylation [82,83,84,85,86,87,88] | ↑ miR-146a, strong link between many microRNAs and DNA methylation [90,91,92,93] |
| SSc |
↓ T cell ↓ Fibroblasts ↑ Wnt pathway genes [96,97,98, 102, 103] |
Fibroblasts:↓ H3, H4 acetylation [104, 107, 108] | ↑ miR-29a, ↑ miR-196a [109,110,111,112,113,114] |
| SS |
↓ Type-I IFN pathway genes ↓ T cells [115,116,117,118,119,120,121] | No large-scale analysis | ↑ miR-146a [122] |