Fig. 2

Mechanisms of ncRNAs in MS. One of the major pathophysiological mechanisms of MS involves autoreactive T cells, primarily Th1 and Th17 cells, leading to cytokine secretion and activation of an inflammatory cascade. These changes eventually result in demyelination within the brain and spinal cord, and axonal damage. Emerging lines of evidence have demonstrated that ncRNAs (miRNAs and lncRNAs) are involved in MS pathogenesis, functioning in modulation of CD4⁺ T cell activity, including upregulating activity of the proinflammatory Th1 cells and Th17 cells. The pathophysiological mechanisms of MS that involve B cells are also shown here