Vitamin D status and epigenetic-based mortality risk score: strong independent and joint prediction of all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort study

Table 5 Joint associations of vitamin D status and mortality risk score (risk levels) with all-cause mortality: associations of vitamin D status with all-cause mortality within subgroups defined by mortality risk score

Characteristics	Mortality risk score (risk levels)
	Overall			0–1/low			2–5/moderate			> 5/high
	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value
Vitamin D status (category)
≥ 50 nmol/L/sufficiency	138/607	Reference		34/243	Reference		65/283	Reference		39/81	Reference
30 to < 50 nmol/L/insufficiency	156/637	1.43 (1.10–1.86)	0.007	34/263	0.91 (0.51–1.64)	0.758	83/292	1.69 (1.16–2.48)	0.007	39/82	1.30 (0.79–2.17)	0.295
< 30 nmol/L/deficiency	71/223	2.01 (1.41–2.85)	< 0.0001	18/96	1.64 (0.78–3.45)	0.193	32/95	2.16 (1.30–3.60)	0.003	21/32	1.97 (1.01–3.84)	0.047

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
After the selection of covariates based on bivariate associations, models are adjusted for age, sex, BMI class, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, CRP, total cholesterol, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, season of blood draw, and the selected leukocyte distribution (Houseman algorithm, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and granulocytes)

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