Vitamin D status and epigenetic-based mortality risk score: strong independent and joint prediction of all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort study

Table 4 Joint associations of vitamin D status and mortality risk score (risk levels) with all-cause mortality: associations of mortality risk score with all-cause mortality within subgroups defined by vitamin D status

Characteristics	Mortality risk score (risk levels)
	0–1/low			2–5/moderate			> 5/high
	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value	Death/total	HR (95% CI)	p value
Vitamin D status (category)
Overall	86/602	Reference		180/670	1.77 (1.32–2.36)	0.0001	99/195	3.24 (2.24–4.68)	< 0.0001
≥ 50 nmol/L/sufficiency	34/243	Reference		65/283	1.18 (0.73–1.91)	0.504	39/81	2.44 (1.34–4.43)	0.003
30 to < 50 nmol/L/insufficiency	34/263	Reference		83/292	2.62 (1.65–4.15)	< 0.0001	39/82	4.37 (2.37–8.05)	< 0.0001
< 30 nmol/L/deficiency	18/96	Reference		32/95	2.21 (1.11–4.38)	0.024	21/32	6.90 (2.83–16.83)	< 0.0001

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
After the selection of covariates based on bivariate associations, models are adjusted for age, sex, BMI class, smoking status, physical activity, alcohol consumption, CRP, total cholesterol, the prevalence of cardiovascular disease and diabetes, season of blood draw, and the selected leukocyte distribution (Houseman algorithm, including CD4+ T cells, CD8+ T cells, B cells, and granulocytes)

ISSN: 1868-7083