Vitamin D status and epigenetic-based mortality risk score: strong independent and joint prediction of all-cause mortality in a population-based cohort study

Table 2 Associations of vitamin D status and mortality risk score (risk levels) with all-cause mortality

Characteristics	N _total	N _death	Model 1 ^a		Model 2 ^b		Model 3 ^c		Model with both indicators ^d
Characteristics	N _total	N _death	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value	HR (95% CI)	p value
Vitamin D status
≥ 50 nmol/L /sufficiency	607	138	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
30 to < 50 nmol/L/insufficiency	637	156	1.31 (1.03–1.67)	0.027	1.30 (1.01–1.69)	0.045	1.46 (1.11–1.93)	0.008	1.43 (1.08–1.88)	0.013
< 30 nmol/L/deficiency	223	71	2.03 (1.48–2.79)	< 0.0001	1.95 (1.39–2.74)	0.0001	1.99 (1.38–2.87)	0.0003	2.08 (1.44–3.01)	< 0.0001
Mortality risk score (risk levels)
0–1/low	602	86	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
2–5/moderate	670	180	1.85 (1.42–2.41)	< 0.0001	1.76 (1.33–2.33)	< 0.0001	1.87 (1.37–2.54)	< 0.0001	1.89 (1.39–2.57)	< 0.0001
> 5/high	195	99	4.13 (3.04–5.62)	< 0.0001	2.99 (2.11–4.24)	< 0.0001	3.42 (2.32–5.04)	< 0.0001	3.38 (2.30–4.96)	< 0.0001

HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval
^aAdjusted for age, sex, and the season of blood draw; the leukocyte distribution (Houseman algorithm) was additionally adjusted for the models with mortality risk score
^bAdditionally adjusted for alcohol consumption, smoking status, BMI class, physical activity, regular intake of vitamin supplements, and fish consumption
^cAdditionally adjusted for the prevalence of CVD, diabetes and cancer, systolic blood pressure, CRP, and total cholesterol
^dAdjusted for the covariates added in model 3

ISSN: 1868-7083