Table 1 Characteristics of the ESTHER study participants at baseline according to vitamin D status
Characteristics | Total population | Subsets based on vitamin D status | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
< 30 nmol/L/deficiency | 30 to < 50 nmol/L/insufficiency | ≥ 50 nmol/L/sufficiency | p value | ||
N | 1467 | 223 (15.2%) | 637 (43.4%) | 607 (41.4%) | |
Age (years) | 62.1 (6.51) | 62.4 (6.91) | 62.4 (6.43) | 61.6 (6.42) | 0.105 |
Sex (male) | 663 (45.2%) | 61 (27.4%) | 216 (33.9%) | 386 (63.6%) | < 0.0001 |
Smoking status | < 0.0001 | ||||
Current smoker | 271 (18.5%) | 46 (20.6%) | 117 (18.4%) | 108 (17.8%) | |
Former smoker | 488 (33.3%) | 61 (27.4%) | 172 (27.0%) | 255 (42.0%) | |
Never smoker | 708 (48.3%) | 116 (52.0%) | 348 (54.6%) | 244 (40.2%) | |
Body mass index a | 0.0006 | ||||
Underweight or normal weight (< 25.0) | 397 (27.1%) | 64 (28.7%) | 161 (25.3%) | 172 (28.3%) | |
Overweight (25 to < 30) | 677 (46.2%) | 91 (40.8%) | 278 (43.6%) | 308 (50.7%) | |
Obese (≥ 30.0) | 390 (26.6%) | 68 (30.5%) | 196 (30.8%) | 126 (20.8%) | |
Alcohol consumption b | < 0.0001 | ||||
Abstainer | 466 (31.8%) | 92 (41.3%) | 222 (34.9%) | 152 (25.0%) | |
Low | 797 (54.3%) | 100 (44.8%) | 319 (50.1%) | 378 (62.3%) | |
Intermediate | 78 (5.3%) | 5 (2.2%) | 29 (4.6%) | 44 (7.3%) | |
High | 20 (1.4%) | 2 (0.9%) | 13 (2.0%) | 5 (0.8%) | |
Physical activity c | < 0.0001 | ||||
Inactive | 293 (20.0%) | 51 (22.9%) | 150 (23.6%) | 92 (15.2%) | |
Low | 673 (45.9%) | 114 (51.1%) | 295 (46.3%) | 264 (43.5%) | |
Medium or high | 501 (34.2%) | 58 (26.0%) | 192 (30.1%) | 251 (41.4%) | |
Prevalence of major diseases | |||||
Cardiovascular disease | 309 (21.1%) | 46 (20.6%) | 126 (19.8%) | 137 (22.6%) | 0.476 |
Diabetes d | 228 (15.5%) | 41 (18.4%) | 100 (15.7%) | 87 (14.3%) | 0.352 |
Cancer | 87 (5.9%) | 15 (6.7%) | 40 (6.3%) | 32 (5.3%) | 0.649 |
Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) e | 139.9 (19.79) | 140.8 (21.01) | 140.2 (19.69) | 139.4 (19.46) | 0.537 |
C-reactive protein (mg/L) f | 3.7 (7.28) | 3.4 (4.42) | 3.6 (8.23) | 3.9 (7.07) | 0.979 |
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) g | 183.5 (60.23) | 179.2 (66.15) | 178.1 (59.23) | 190.7 (58.3) | 0.0002 |
Intake of vitamin D supplements (yes) h | 563 (38.4%) | 83 (37.2%) | 244 (38.3%) | 236 (38.9%) | 0.934 |
Fish consumption (> 1 time/week) i | 925 (63.1%) | 133 (59.6%) | 403 (63.3%) | 389 (64.1%) | 0.740 |
Mortality risk score (risk levels) | 0.872 | ||||
0–1/low | 602 (41.0%) | 96 (43.1%) | 263 (41.3%) | 243 (40.0%) | |
2–5/moderate | 670 (45.7%) | 95 (42.6%) | 292 (45.8%) | 283 (46.6%) | |
> 5/high | 195 (13.3%) | 32 (14.3%) | 82 (12.9%) | 81 (13.3%) | |