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Table 1 General characteristics of the controls, fresh embryo transfer (FRESH) and frozen embryo transfer (FET)-derived newborns, and their mothers included in the study. The SD of measures based on international growth references adjusted for gestational age at birth and gender. The mean values ± SD are presented and the significant difference between studied groups for total amount of samples is calculated by Two-Way ANOVA (P value)
| Country | Control (n = 157) | Fresh embryo transfer (FRESH) (n = 62) | Frozen embryo transfer (FET) (n = 24) | P value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Newborns | |||||
| Birth weight (g) | Total | 3700 ± 436 | 3525 ± 548 | 3805 ± 601 | 0.02 |
| FI | 3667.7 ± 412.2 (n = 100) | 3443.4 ± 502.8 (n = 29) | 3846.3 ± 451.4 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 3758.9 ± 473.9 (n = 57) | 3595.8 ± 582.4 (n = 33) | 3679.8 ± 970 (n = 6) | ||
| Birth weight SD | Total | 0.21 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 1 | 0.6 ± 1 | NS |
| FI | 0.1 ± 0.9 (n = 100) | − 0.1 ± 0.9 (n = 29) | 0.6 ± 0.9 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 0.4 ± 0.6 (n = 57) | 0.4 ± 1 (n = 33) | 0.6 ± 0.9 (n = 6) | ||
| Length (cm) | Total | 51.0 ± 1.9 | 50.3 ± 2.3 | 51.1 ± 2.3 | 0.04 |
| FI | 51 ± 2 (n = 100) | 50 ± 2 (n = 29) | 51 ± 2 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 51 ± 2 (n = 57) | 51 ± 2 (n = 33) | 51 ± 4 (n = 6) | ||
| Length SD | Total | − 0.1 ± 0.8 | − 0.1 ± 0.8 | 0.1 ± 0.8 | NS |
| FI | − 0.2 ± 0.9 (n = 100) | − 0.3 ± 0.8 (n = 29) | − 0.0 ± 0.9 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 0.2 ± 0.8 (n = 57) | 0.1 ± 0.7 (n = 33) | 0.6 ± 0.5 (n = 6) | ||
| Head circumference (cm) | Total | 35.5 ± 1.3 (n = 155) | 35.2 ± 1.7 | 35.4 ± 1.9 | NS |
| FI | 35.5 ± 1 (n = 100) | 34.7 ± 2 (n = 29) | 35.6 ± 2 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 35.5 ± 1 (n = 55) | 35.5 ± 2 (n = 33) | 34.9 ± 2 (n = 6) | ||
| Head circumference SD | Total | 0.3 ± 0.8 (n = 155) | 0.3 ± 1.1 | 0.4 ± 1.3 | NS |
| FI | 0.3 ± 0.9 (n = 100) | −0.1 ± 1 (n = 29) | 0.4 ± 1.4 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 0.4 ± 0.8 (n = 55) | 0.7 ± 1 (n = 33) | 0.4 ± 0.7 (n = 6) | ||
| Placenta (g) | Total | 565 ± 141 | 514 ± 118 (n = 61) | 642 ± 187 | 0.04 |
| FI | 626.5 ± 126.4 (n = 100) | 578.4 ± 105.3 (n = 29) | 687.4 ± 176 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 456.7 ± 90.5 (n = 57) | 454.8 ± 97.9 (n = 32) | 504.5 ± 159.6 (n = 6) | ||
| Gestational age (weeks) | Total | 40.3 ± 1.2 | 39.6 ± 1.4 | 39.8 ± 1.7 | 0.002 |
| FI | 40.4 ± 1 (n = 100) | 39.9 ± 1.3 (n = 29) | 40 ± 1 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 40 ± 1.4 (n = 57) | 39.3 ± 1.4 (n = 33) | 39.3 ± 3 (n = 6) | ||
| Males | Total | 53% | 55% | 58% | NS |
| FI | 52% | 41% | 67% | ||
| EE | 54% | 67% | 33% | ||
| Females | Total | 47% | 45% | 42% | NS |
| FI | 48% | 59% | 33% | ||
| EE | 46% | 33% | 67% | ||
| Apgar score (5 min) | Total | 9 ± 1 (n = 156) | 9 ± 1 | 9 ± 1 | NS |
| FI | 9 ± 1 (n = 100) | 9 ± 0.5 (n = 29) | 9 ± 0.5 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 9 ± 1 (n = 56) | 9 ± 0.7 (n = 33) | 9 ± 0.8 (n = 6) | ||
| Mothers | |||||
| Age (years) | Total | 31 ± 5 | 34 ± 5 | 35 ± 4 | < 0.001 |
| FI | 32 ± 5 (n = 100) | 35 ± 4 (n = 29) | 36 ± 3 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 29 ± 6 (n = 57) | 33 ± 5 (n = 33) | 33 ± 5 (n = 6) | ||
| Parity | Total | 0.7 ± 0.9 | 0.3 ± 0.5 | 0.4 ± 0.6 | 0.003 |
| FI | 0.6 ± 0.7 (n = 100) | 0.2 ± 0.5 (n = 29) | 0.3 ± 0.5 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 0.8 ± 1 (n = 57) | 0.4 ± 0.6 (n = 33) | 0.7 ± 0.8 (n = 6) | ||
| BMI | Total | 23.1 ± 4 (n = 155) | 23.0 ± 4 | 24.2 ± 4 | NS |
| FI | 22.8 ± 3.5 (n = 99) | 22.9 ± 3.4 (n = 29) | 23.8 ± 3.4 (n = 18) | ||
| EE | 23.7 ± 5 (n = 56) | 23.2 ± 5 (n = 33) | 25.5 ± 4.3 (n = 6) | ||
