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Table 4 Results from linear regression mixed effects (LMER) models of crude and adjusted associations between maternal, household, and neighborhood indicators of SES and diet quality index and LINE-1 DNA methylation

From: DNA methylation and socioeconomic status in a Mexican-American birth cohort

Socioeconomic status indicators

Model 1a

Model 2b

Model 3c

β (95% CI)

p value

aβ (95% CI)

p value

aβ (95% CI)

p value

Household income

 1st quartile ($37–$225)

0.05 (−0.59, 0.70)

0.88

0.08 (−0.59, 0.75)

0.82

−0.18 (−0.87, 0.52)

0.62

 2nd quartile ($281–$375)

0.46 (− 0.13, 1.04)

0.12

0.60 (− 0.01, 1.21)

0.05

0.18 (− 0.48, 0.83)

0.60

 3rd quartile ($438–$563)

0.14 (−0.52, 0.80)

0.68

0.20 (−0.46, 0.86)

0.56

−0.07 (− 0.75, 0.60)

0.84

 4th quartile ($583–$1750)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Household poverty income ratio

 1st quartile (0.13–0.65)

0.07 (−0.49, 0.63)

0.80

0.12 (−0.45, 0.69)

0.68

−0.18 (− 0.78, 0.41)

0.54

 2nd quartile (0.71–0.98)

0.08 (− 0.12, 1.01)

0.09

0.53 (− 0.03, 1.08)

0.07

0.15 (− 0.45, 0.75)

0.62

 3rd quartile (1.01–1.21)

0.45 (− 0.42, 0.82)

0.56

0.21 (− 0.43, 0.85)

0.52

− 0.13 (− 0.78, 0.53)

0.71

 4th quartile (1.30–2.40)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Maternal education

 < = 6th grade

0.04 (−0.46, 0.53)

0.89

−0.09 (− 0.65, 0.47)

0.75

− 0.03 (− 0.60, 0.54)

0.92

 7–12th grade

0.39 (− 0.12, 0.90)

0.13

0.33 (− 0.20, 0.86)

0.22

0.35 (− 0.18, 0.89)

0.20

 > =Highschool

Reference

 

Reference

   

% Households below poverty (CT)

 1st quartile (2.8–18.2)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 2nd quartile (19.0–22.3)

0.26 (−0.27, 0.80)

0.34

0.24 (−0.31, 0.78)

0.39

0.31 (−0.26, 0.85)

0.30

 3rd quartile (23.5–27.5)

− 0.01 (− 0.49, 0.47)

0.97

−0.11 (− 0.61, 0.39)

0.68

−0.04 (− 0.47, 0.54)

0.89

 4th quartile (27.7–34.2)

1.03 (0.33, 1.73)

0.004

0.78 (0.06, 1.50)

0.03

0.88 (0.14, 1.64)

0.02

Median household income (CT)

 1st quartile ($24,896–$31910)

−0.05 (− 0.53, 0.43)

0.84

− 0.03 (− 0.58, 0.53)

0.93

−0.02 (− 0.58, 0.53)

0.94

 2nd quartile ($31,989–$34593)

−0.26 (− 0.84, 0.32)

0.39

−0.40 (− 0.93, 0.13)

0.14

−0.48 (−1.01, 0.05)

0.08

 3rd quartile ($34,848–$40856)

0.02 (−0.61, 0.57)

0.94

−0.12 (− 0.66, 0.42)

0.66

− 0.01 (− 0.55, 0.53)

0.98

 4th quartile ($41,354–$77272)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

% No highschool education (CT)

 1st quartile (13.7–50.1)

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 2nd quartile (51.4–71.4)

0.16 (−0.38, 0.70)

0.55

0.07 (−0.49, 0.63)

0.81

0.08 (−0.48, 0.64)

0.77

 3rd quartile (72.5–75.3)

−0.33 (− 0.84, 0.19)

0.21

−0.30 (− 0.84, 0.24)

0.28

−0.33(− 0.87, 0.22)

0.24

 4th Quartile (78.7–87.0)

−0.02 (− 0.50, 0.54)

0.94

−0.10 (− 0.66, 0.46)

0.72

0.04 (− 0.53, 0.60)

0.90

Diet quality index

0.020 (−0.008, 0.032)

0.24

0.13 (−0.06, 0.32)d

0.19

0.08 (−0.12, 0.27)d

0.44

  1. aModel 1: random effect for position and individual only
  2. bModel 2: random effect for position and individual, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, diet quality during pregnancy, years living in the USA for the mother, and prenatal MBzP exposure
  3. cModel 3: random effect for position and individual, maternal smoking during pregnancy, maternal age, diet quality during pregnancy, years living in the USA for the mother, prenatal MBzP exposure, and cell estimate proportions
  4. dNeighborhood poverty included as a covariate due to evidence of confounding by neighborhood poverty. Diet quality index was Z standardized so that continuous variables were on similar scales
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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