Fig. 1

t-Distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) visualization of the methylation data in the 48 placenta samples. a Transcriptional clusters 1 (black, N = 19), 2 (red, N = 19), and 3 (green, N = 5) continued to display molecular similarity to each other based on the DNA methylation data alone, indicating that methylation plays a significant role in the development of these three clusters. Cluster 5 samples (cyan, N = 5), however, were found dispersed across the methylation plot, no longer forming a united group. b In general, preeclamptic (PE) placentas (pink) were found on the bottom half of the t-SNE plot, while the non-PE samples (blue) were predominately observed on the top half. However, the cluster 1 PE patients fully integrated with their co-clustering controls by methylation