| O-GDM | O-T1DM | O-BP | O-GDM vs. O-BP p value | O-T1DM vs. O-BP p value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
N (total = 206) | 82 | 67 | 57 |  |  |
Maternal characteristics | |||||
 Pregestational BMI (kg/m2) | 24.3 (5.6) | 21.7 (1.9) | 21.2 (3.5) | <0.001 | 0.301 |
 Maternal age at delivery | 30.4 (5.2) | 26.4 (4.7) | 26.8 (4.6) | <0.001 | 0.645 |
 Maternal smoking status (yes/no) | 22/69 (32%) | 37/59 (63%) | 26/45 (58%) | <0.006 | 0.610 |
 Family history of diabetes (yes vs. no) | 26% (21/82) | 25% (17/67) | 16% (9/57) | 0.166 | 0.191 |
Offspring anthropometric data | |||||
 Age (years) | 30.2 (2.1) | 30.8 (2.4) | 30.8 (2.4) | 0.183 | 0.879 |
 Gender (male) | 52% (43/82) | 46% (31/67) | 46% (26/57) | 0.429 | 0.942 |
 Height (m) | 1.76 (0.10) | 1.74 (0.10) | 1.74 (0.10) | 0.481 | 0.676 |
 Weight (kg) | 77.8 (17.4) | 78.3 (17.9) | 75.3 (16.5) | 0.398 | 0.331 |
 Total body fat (%) | 29.8% (0.1) | 31.4% (0.1) | 28.7% (0.1) | 0.428 | 0.093 |
 BMI (kg/m2) | 25.2 (5.1) | 26.0 (5.9) | 24.6 (3.9) | 0.493 | 0.113 |
 Obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) | 15% (12/82) | 16% (11/67) | 7% (4/57) | 0.166 | 0.110 |
 Waist circumference | 85.0 (12.3) | 84.3 (11.7) | 82.0 (11.2) | 0.149 | 0.265 |
 Mean blood pressure—systolic (mmHg) | 117 (9.1) | 117 (8.8) | 116 (11.9) | 0.606 | 0.626 |
 Mean blood pressure—diastolic (mmHg) | 74 (7.43) | 71 (9.02) | 71.0 (7.28) | 0.023 | 0.859 |
Results of OGTTa | |||||
 Fasting plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 5.0 (0.7) | 4.9 (0.4) | 4.9 (0.3) | 0.245 | 0.381 |
 30-min plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 8.2 (1.71) | 7.8 (1.65) | 7.3 (1.6) | 0.006 | 0.125 |
 2-h plasma glucose (mmol/l) | 6.0 (1.8) | 6.3 (1.7) | 5.3 (1.2) | 0.016 | 0.001 |
 HbA1C_DCCT (%) | 5.4 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.3) | 0.079 | 0.569 |
 Abnormal glucose tolerance (IFG, IGT, or T2DM) | 13% (11/82) | 13% (9/67) | 5% (3/57) | 0.116 | 0.125 |
 HOMA-IRb | 1.77 (1.56–2.02) | 1.95 (1.71–2.22) | 1.72 (1.47–2.02) | 0.784 | 0.222 |
Plasma samplesb | |||||
 Fasting insulin (pmol/l) | 48.9 (43.3–55.2) | 54.2 (47.9–61.4) | 48.6 (41.9–56.4) | 0.953 | 0.255 |
 Triglycerides (mmol/l) | 0.89 (0.81–0.98) | 0.84 (0.76–0.93) | 1.00 (0.76–1.31) | 0.391 | 0.233 |
 HDL cholesterol (mmol/l) | 1.33 (1.26–1.41) | 1.44 (1.37–1.52) | 1.36 (1.26–1.48) | 0.605 | 0.241 |