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Table 1 Hypermethylation at known fragile sites

From: Maintaining the unmethylated state

Gene

Gene location

Fragile site

Fragile site type

Fragile site location

Methylation reference

RUNX3

1p36

FRA1A

Aph, C

1p36

[24]

-

-

FRA1B

Aph, C

1p32

-

ARHI

1p31

FRA1C

Aph, C

1p31.2

[25]

PARG1

1p22.1

FRA1D

Aph, C

1p22

[26]

-

-

FRA1E

Aph, C

1p21.2

-

S100A6

1q21

FRA1F

Aph, C

1q21

[27]

-

-

FRA1G

Aph, C

1q25.1

-

PTGS2

1q25.2-25.3

FRA1G

Aph, C

1q25.1

[28, 29]

DISC1

1q42.1

FRA1H

5azaC-R, C

1q42

[30]

-

-

FRA1I

Aph, C

1q44

-

-

-

FRA1J

5azaC-R, C

1q12

-

GLUL

1q31

FRA1K

Aph, C

1q31

[31]

CLCA2

1p31

FRA1L

Aph, C

1p31

[32]

MIR137

1p21.3

FRA1M

Fol, R

1p21.3

[33]

-

-

FRA2A

Fol, R

2q11.2

-

BCL2L11

2q13

FRA2B

Fol, R

2q13

[34]

-

-

FRA2C

Aph, C

2p24.2

-

MSH6

2p16

FRA2D

Aph, C

2p16.2

[35]

DOK1

2p13

FRA2E

Aph, C

2p13

[36]

RASSF1

3p21.3

-

-

-

[37]

MLH1

3p21.3

-

-

-

[38]

VHL

3p25.3

-

-

-

[39]

LRP1B

2q21.2

FRA2F

Aph, C

2q21.3

[40]

HOXD1

2q31.1

FRA2G

Aph, C

2q31

[41]

-

-

FRA2H

Aph, C

2q32.1

-

FLIP

2q33-q34

FRA2I

Aph, C

2q33

[42]

KIF1A

2q37.3

FRA2J

Aph, C

2q37.3

[43]

ZEB2

2q22.3

FRA2K

Fol, R

2q22.3

[44]

RARβ

3p24.2

FRA3A

Aph, C

3p24.2

[45]

FHIT

3p14.2

FRA3B

Aph, C

3p14.2

[46]

-

-

FRA3C

Aph, C

3q27

-

RARRES1

3q25.32

FRA3D

Aph, C

3q25

[47]

PTX3

3q25

FRA3D

Aph, C

3q25

[48]

-

-

FRA4A

Aph, C

4p16.1

-

PDGFRA

4q12

FRA4B

BrdU, C

4q12

[49]

SFRP2

4q31.3

FRA4C

Aph, C

4q31.1

[50]

SLIT2

4p15.2

FRA4D

Aph, C

4p15

[51]

-

-

FRA5A

BrdU, C

5p13

-

-

-

FRA5B

BrdU, C

5q15

-

NR3C1

5q31.3

FRA5C

Aph, C

5q31.1

[52]

GPR150

5q15

FRA5D

Aph, C

5q15

[53]

-

-

FRA5E

Aph, C

5p14

-

APC

5q21-22

FRA5F

Aph, C

5q21

[54]

-

-

FRA5G

Fol, R

5q35

-

SCGB3A1

5q35.3

FRA5G

Fol, R

5q35

[55, 56]

-

-

FRA6A

Fol, R

6p23

-

-

-

FRA6B

Aph, C

6p25.1

-

-

-

FRA6C

Aph, C

6p22.2

-

-

-

FRA6C

Aph, C

6p22.2

-

-

-

FRA6D

BrdU, C

6q13

-

ESR1

6q25.1

-

-

-

[57]

-

 

FRA6E

Aph, C

6q26

-

HACE1

6q21

FRA6F

Aph, C

6q21

[58]

-

-

FRA6G

Aph, C

6q15

-

-

-

FRA7A

Fol, R

7p11.2

-

TWIST1

7p21.2

-

-

-

[56]

-

-

FRA7B

Aph, C

7p22

 

-

-

FRA7C

Aph, C

7p14.2

-

IGFBP3

7p13-p12

FRA7D

Aph, C

7p13

[59]

HIC1

17p13.3

FRA7D

Aph, C

7p13

[60]

ABCB1

7q21.12

FRA7E

Aph, C

7q21.2

[61]

TFPI2

7q22

FRA7F

Aph, C

7q22

[62]

TES

7q31.2

FRA7G

Aph, C

7q31.2

[63]

CFTR

7q31.2

FRA7G

Aph, C

7q31.2

[64]

-

-

FRA7H

Aph, C

7q32.3

-

EN2

7q36

FRA7I

Aph, C

7q36

[65]

HSPB1

7q11.23

FRA7J

Aph, C

7q11

[66]

-

-

FRA8A

Fol, R

8q22.3

-

-

-

FRA8B

Aph, C

8q22.1

-

MYC

8q24.21

FRA8C,

Aph, C

8q24.1

[67]

-

-

FRA8D

Aph, C

8q24.3

-

MYC

8q24.21

FRA8E

Dmy, R

8q24.1

[67]

CDKN2A

9p21

FRA9A,

Fol, R

9p21

[68]

CDKN2B

9p21

FRA9A,

Fol, R

9p21

[69]

BRINP1

9q32-q33

FRA9B,

Fol, R

9q32

[70]

CDKN2A

9p21

FRA9C,

BrdU, R

9p21

[68]

CDKN2B

9p21

FRA9C,

BrdU, R

9p21

[69]

DAPK1

9q21.33

FRA9D

Aph, C

9q22.1

[71]

  

FRA9B,

Aph, C

9q32

 

BARX1

9q12

FRA9F

5azaC-R, C

9q12

[72]

FRA10AC1

10q23.33

FRA10A

Fol, R

10q23.3

[73]

PTEN

10q23.3

FRA10A

Fol, R

10q23.3

[74]

-

 

FRA10B

BrdU, R

10q25.2

 
  

FRA10C

BrdU, R

10q21

 

EGR2

10q21.1

FRA10D

Aph, C

10q21.1

[75]

TYSND1

10q22.1

FRA10D

Aph, C

10q22.1

[76]

-

-

FRA10E

Aph, C

10q25.2

 

MGMT

10q26

FRA10F

Aph, C

10q26.1

[77]

RET

10q11.2

FRA10G

Aph, C

10q11.2

[78]

MRPL48

11q13.4

FRA11A

Fol, R

11q13.3

[79]

AMICA1

11q23.3

FRA11B

Fol, R

11q23.3

[80]

CALCB

11p15.2-

FRA11C

Aph, C

11p15.1

[81]

HRAS

11p15.5

FRA11C,

Aph, C

11p15.1

[81]

MYOD1

11p15.4

FRA11C,

Aph, C

11p15.1

[64]

-

-

FRA11D

Aph, C

11p14.2

 

WT1

11p13

FRA11E

Aph, C

11p13

[82]

CD44

11p13

FRA11E

Aph, C

11p13

[83]

-

-

FRA11F

Aph, C

11p14.2

 

PGR

11q22-q23

FRA11G

Aph, C

11q23.3

[84]

GSTP1

11q13

FRA11H

Aph, C

11q13

[85]

CCND2

12p13

-

-

-

[56]

CALCB

11p15.2-15.1

FRA11I

Aph, C

11p15.1

[81]

HRAS

11p15.5

FRA11I,

Aph, C

11p15.1

[81]

MYOD1

11p15.4

FRA11I,

Aph, C

11p15.1

[64]

-

-

FRA12A

Fol, R

12q13.1

 

SLC6A15

12q21.3

FRA12B

Aph, C

12q21.3

[62]

CHFR

12q24.33

FRA12C

BrdU, R

12q24.2

[86]

-

-

FRA12D

Fol, R

12q24.13

 

SELPLG

12q24

FRA12E

Aph, C

12q24

[87]

BRCA2

13q12.3

FRA13A

Aph, C

13q13.2

[35]

RB1

13q14.2

-

-

-

[88]

PCDH20

13q21.2

FRA13B

BrdU, C

13q21

[89]

PCDH20

13q21.2

FRA13C

Aph, C

13q21.2

[89]

ZIC2

13q32

FRA13D

Aph, C

13q32

[90]

-

-

FRA15A

Aph, C

15q22

 

ABCC6

16p13.1

FRA16A

Fol, R

16p13.11

[64]

CDH1

16q22.1

FRA16B,

Dmy, R

16q22.1

[91]

CDH1

16q22.1

FRA16C

Aph, C

16q22.1

[91]

CDH13

16q23.3

FRA16D

Aph, C

16q23.2

[92]

WWOX

16q23.3-q24.1

FRA16D

Aph, C

16q23.2

[93]

HIC1

17p13.3

-

-

-

[60]

-

-

FRA17A

Dmy, R

17p12

 

BRCA1

17q21.31

-

-

-

[94]

SOX9

17q23

FRA17B

Aph, C

17q23.1

[95]

CDH2

18q12.1

FRA18A

Aph, C

18q12.2

[72]

SERPINB5

18q21.33

FRA18B

Aph, C

18q21.3

[96]

BCL2

18q21.3

FRA18B

Aph, C

18q21.3

[64]

-

-

FRA18C

Aph, C

18q22.2

 

-

-

FRA19A

5azaC-R, C

19q13

 

-

-

FRA19B

Fol, R

19p13

 

-

-

FRA20A

Fol, R

20p11.23

 

-

-

FRA20B

Aph, C

20p12.2

 

-

-

FRA20B

Aph, C

20p12.2

 

FBLN1

22q13

FRA22A

Fol, R

22q13

[97]

-

22q12.1

FRA22B

Aph, C

22q12.2

 

AR

Xq12

-

-

-

[98]

FMR1

Xq27.3

FRAXA

Fol, R

Xq27.3

[14]

VCX

Xp22

FRAXB

Aph, C

Xp22.31

[99]

VCX

Xp22

FRAXC

Aph, C

Xq22.1

[99]

FMR1

Xq27.3

FRAXD

Aph, C

Xq27.2

[100]

FMR2

Xq28

FRAXE,

Fol, R

Xq28

[101]

FMR2

Xq28

FRAXF

Fol, R

Xq28

[101]

  1. Definitions for standard gene abbreviations are available at the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee (HGNC) website [102]. Aph, aphidicolin; 5azaC-R, 5-azacytidine ; BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine; C, common; Dmy, distamycin; Fol, folate; R, rare.
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