Epigenetic silencing of miR-342-3p in B cell lymphoma and its impact on autophagy

Background miR-342-3p, localized to 14q32, is a tumor suppressor miRNA implicated in carcinogenesis. Given the presence of a promotor-associated CpG island for its host gene, EVL, we hypothesized that intronic miR-342-3p is a tumor suppressor co-regulated with host gene by promoter DNA methylation in B cell lymphoma. Results By bisulfite pyrosequencing-verified methylation-specific PCR (MSP), EVL/MIR342 methylation was detected in five (50%) lymphoma cell lines but not normal peripheral blood and tonsils. EVL/MIR342 methylation correlated with repression of both miR-342-3p and EVL in cell lines. In completely methylated SU-DHL-16 cells, 5-AzadC treatment resulted in promoter demethylation and re-expression of miR-342-3p and EVL. In 132 primary lymphoma samples, EVL/MIR342 was preferentially methylated in B cell lymphomas (N = 68; 68.7%) than T cell lymphoma (N = 8; 24.2%) by MSP (P < 0.0001). Moreover, EVL/MIR342 methylation was associated with lower miR-342-3p expression in 79 primary NHL (P = 0.0443). In SU-DHL-16 cells, the tumor suppressor function of miR-342-3p was demonstrated by the inhibition of cellular proliferation and increase of cell death upon over-expression of miR-342-3p. Mechanistically, overexpression of miR-342-3p resulted in a decrease of LC3-II, a biomarker of autophagy, which was pro-survival for SU-DHL-16. Pre-treatment with 3-methyladenine, an autophagy inhibitor, abrogated tumor suppression associated with miR-342-3p overexpression. By luciferase assay, MAP1LC3B, a precursor of LC3-II, was confirmed as a direct target of miR-342-3p. Finally, in SU-DHL-16 cells, overexpression of miR-342-3p downregulated the known target DNMT1, with promoter demethylation and re-expression of tumor suppressor E-cadherin. Conclusions Intronic miR-342-3p is co-regulated with its host gene EVL by tumor-specific promoter DNA methylation in B cell lymphoma. The tumor suppressor function of miR-342-3p was mediated via inhibition of pro-survival autophagy by targeting MAP1LC3B and downregulation of DNMT1 with demethylation and re-expression of tumor suppressor genes.


Background
Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) is the most common hematological malignancy. The incidence of NHL was 6.7/100,000 among males and 4.7/100,000 among females [1]. Based on the lineage and maturity of neoplastic cells, NHL can be classified as precursor and mature form of B-, T-or NK-cell lymphoma [2]. B-cell lymphoma, comprising > 70% of all NHLs [3], can be further classified into different subtypes based on morphology, immunophenotyping and genetic alterations. The most common subtype of B-cell lymphoma is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), followed by follicular lymphoma (FL) whereas NK-cell lymphoma is an aggressive subtype rare in Western countries [4].
DNA methylation refers to the addition of a methyl group (-CH 3 ) to carbon five of the cytosine ring in a CpG dinucleotide [5], catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases. Cancer cells are characterized by global DNA hypomethylation and locus-specific DNA hypermethylation of promoter-associated CpG islands of tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) [6], leading to reversible silencing of TSGs [5]. To date, promoter DNA methylation-mediated silence of TSGs, such as p16 INK4a , SOCS3 and SHP1 [7][8][9], has been implicated in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma. microRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of single-stranded non-coding RNAs of 19~25 nucleotides in length [10]. Functionally, based on sequence complementarity between seed region of miRNA and seed region binding site on 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of its corresponding target gene, the miRNA may downregulate the targeted mRNA through translational block or mRNA degradation [11,12]. Dysregulated expression of miR-NAs has been implicated in carcinogenesis [13]. Promoter DNA methylation has been shown to serve as an alternative mechanism leading to inactivation of tumor suppressor miRNAs, such as miR-129-2, miR-155-3p, miR-124-1 and miR-34a, in B-cell lymphoma [14][15][16][17].
MIR342 is embedded in the third intron of its host gene Enah/Vasp-like (EVL) localized to 14q32. EVL, belonging to the Ena/VASP family of proteins, was reported to be a multifunctional regulator of actin cytoskeleton remodeling, actin polymerization and cell adhesion [18][19][20]. In glioblastoma and breast cancer, expression of EVL was higher in tumor tissues than normal tissue [21,22]. Furthermore, the upregulation of EVL correlated with advanced stage of breast cancer, and promoted migration of MCF-7 breast cancer cells [21]. On the contrary, expression of EVL was found to be reduced in colorectal cancer and cervical cancer tissues compared with those in adjacent normal tissues [23,24], hence a tissue-specific expression of EVL in different types of cancer. However, expression and biological function of EVL in lymphoma remains unknown. On the other hand, the tumor suppressor role of miR-342-3p via inhibition of cell proliferation, migration and invasion has been demonstrated in colon, lung, breast and hepatocellular carcinoma, by downregulation of oncogenic targets, including FOXQ1, DNMT1, MYC and IKK-γ [25][26][27][28][29]. However, little is known about its role in the pathogenesis of B-cell lymphoma. As a CpG island is present at the promoter of MIR342 host gene EVL, we hypothesized that miR-342-3p is a tumor suppressor miRNA silenced by promoter DNA methylation of its host gene EVL in B-cell lymphoma. In the present study, promoter DNA hypermethylation of EVL/MIR342 and the mechanism of tumor suppression of miR-342-3p were investigated in B-cell lymphoma.
Based on qRT-PCR of miR-342-3p in 79 NHL primary samples, in whom both DNA and RNA were available, expression of miR-342-3p was shown significantly lower in patients with EVL/MIR342 methylation than those without EVL/MIR342 methylation (P = 0.0443, Fig. 3b).
Effect of miR-342-3p overexpression and its impact on pro-survival autophagy in B cell lymphoma cells To investigate the biological role of miR-342-3p in B cell lymphoma cells, miR-342-3p mimics was transfected into SU-DHL-16 cells, which were completely methylated for EVL/MIR342. By qRT-PCR, successful overexpression of miR-342-3p was confirmed at day 5 after transfection ( Fig. 4a). Moreover, as compared with negative scramble control, overexpression of miR-342-3p led to reduced cellular proliferation as measured by MTS assay (P < 0.0001, Fig. 4b), increased cell death by trypan blue exclusion assay (P = 0.0063, Fig. 4c), but no Autophagy, an alternative mechanism for the regulation of cell survival [30], was studied for its role in the miR-342-3p-mediated tumor suppressive properties in B-cell lymphoma cells. Alteration of autophagy was monitored by Western blotting of LC3-II, which is a marker of autophagy. In completely methylated SU-DHL-16 cells, overexpression of miR-342-3p resulted in a reduction of LC3-II (Fig. 4d), indicating that miR-342-3p inhibited autophagy in SU-DHL-16 cells.
Moreover, the role of autophagy in the regulation of cellular proliferation and cell death was studied by treatment with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA), followed by Western blotting of LC3-II, MTS, and trypan blue assays. Upon treatment with 3-MA, autophagy in SU-DHL-16 cells was inhibited, as demonstrated by decreased expression of LC3-II by Western blotting (Fig. 4e). Moreover, 3-MA treatment resulted in decreased cellular proliferation by MTS assay (Fig. 4f) and increased cell death by trypan blue assay (Fig. 4g) in a dose-dependent manner, consistent with a pro-survival function of autophagy in SU-DHL-16 cells. By qRT-PCR, the lower expression of miR-342-3p was associated with EVL/ MIR342 methylation as detected by MSP (a) and quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing (b). c, d The lower expression of EVL, the host gene of miR-342-3p, was associated with EVL/MIR342 methylation as measured by MSP (c) and quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing (d). e By plotting the expression of miR-342-3p against its host gene EVL, a trend of concordant expression between miR-342-3p and its host gene EVL was demonstrated. f-h Treatment of SU-DHL-16 cells, completely methylated for EVL/MIR342, with 5-AzadC for 6 days led to EVL/MIR342 promoter demethylation as shown by MSP (f), and re-expression of miR-342-3p (g) and EVL (h) as shown by qRT-PCR. qRT-PCR data of 5-AzadC treatment were normalized to untreated control as 1. Columns represented mean +/− 1SD from three qRT-PCR experiments in triplicate Furthermore, to confirm the role of pro-survival autophagy in miR-342-3p-mediated tumor-suppressive properties in B cell lymphoma cells, basal autophagy of SU-DHL-16 cells was first inhibited by pre-treatment with 3-MA prior to overexpression of miR-342-3p, followed by MTS and trypan blue analyses. Results showed that when basal autophagy was inhibited by pretreatment with 3-MA, followed by overexpression of miR-342-3p, the tumor suppressor properties of miR-342-3p on inhibition of cellular proliferation (Fig. 4b) and induction of cell death (Fig. 4c) were completely abolished, as measured by MTS assay (Fig. 4h) and trypan blue exclusion assay ( Fig. 4i), respectively, confirming that miR-342-3p exerted its tumor suppressor function via inhibition of pro-survival autophagy in B cell lymphoma cells.

Identification of MAP1LC3B as a novel direct target of miR-342-3p
As miR-342-3p was shown to regulate autophagy, potential autophagy-related targets of miR-342-3p was studied. By miRWalk2.0 bioinformatic software [31], putative   Fig. 5a), but not ATG2B and ATG10 (data not shown). MAP1LC3B, which is a posttranslational precursor form of LC3-II, a functional marker of autophagy, was further validated as a direct target of miR-342-3p. By qRT-PCR, in 10 NHL cell lines, higher expression of MAP1LC3B was found in NHL lines with EVL/MIR342 methylation (P = 0.027, Fig. 5b). Luciferase assay was employed to validate MAP1LC3B as a direct target of miR-342-3p. DNA fragment containing wild-type or deletion mutant seed region binding site (SRBS) (site 1; 8-mer; Fig. 5c) of the MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR were cloned into pmirGLO luciferase reporter. Upon co-transfection of both miR-342-3p mimics and wild-type MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR, the luciferase signal was significantly reduced compared with co-transfection with scramble control. However, when the putative SRBS was deleted, the luciferase signal was not restored (Fig. 5d), indicating the presence of other binding sites of miR-342-3p in the fragment of MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR downstream to the luciferase gene. Based on sequence complementarity analysis between miR-342-3p and the cloned fragment of MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR, two additional binding sites of miR-342-3p were identified (site 2 and 3; 5-mer; Fig.  5c); therefore, an additional deletion mutant truncating all three binding sites of the MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR was generated. Co-transfection of both miR-342-3p mimics and the mutant MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR with all binding sites deleted restored the luciferase activity, as compared with wild-type MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR (Fig.  5d). Taken together, our data suggested that MAP1LC3B was a novel direct target of miR-342-3p.
Role of tumor-suppressive miR-342-3p and its regulation of DNMT1 and hence methylation-mediated silencing tumor suppressor gene Since miR-342-3p has been shown to target DNMT1 by luciferase reporter assay, and overexpression of miR-342-3p could result in promoter DNA hypomethylation and hence re-expression of hypermethylated tumor suppressor genes in colorectal cancer cells [25], we hypothesized that overexpression of miR-342-3p in completely methylated lymphoma cells would result in downregulation of DNMT1 and hence hypomethylation and re-expression of tumor suppressor genes. Herein, by MSP, E-CAD was shown to be completely methylated in SU-DHL-16 cells (Fig. 6a), which were completely methylated for EVL/MIR342. Overexpression of miR-342-3p resulted in downregulation of DNMT1 by qRT-PCR. (P < 0.0001; Fig. 6b). This was associated with promoter DNA demethylation of E-CAD, which was evidenced by the emergence of U-MSP signal (Fig. 6c) and reduction of mean methylation level from 96.57% to 84.57% using quantitative bisulfite pyrosequencing (Additional file 2:   Figure S2), and re-expression of E-CAD by qRT-PCR (Fig. 6d).

Discussion
Herein, there is a number of observations obtained. Firstly, EVL/MIR342 methylation was detected in NHL cell lines and primary NHL samples, but not in normal peripheral blood and normal tonsil tissues, and hence tumor-specific. The current data were similar to the tumor-specific methylation of other tumor suppressor miRNAs, including MIR155 [15] and MIR129-2 [14] in NHL. By contrast, MIR9-2 [32] and MIR373 [33] were methylated in both cancer cells and their normal counterparts, hence tissue-specific but not tumor-specific, pathologically irrelevant.
Secondly, our data have demonstrated that the intronic miR-342-3p was co-regulated with its host gene EVL in NHL cells, consistent with data from other studies Fig. 4 Tumor-suppressive function of miR-342-3p in SU-DHL-16 cells. a qRT-PCR analysis of miR-342-3p expression at 120 h after transfection. Data were normalized to negative scramble control as 1. b Cellular proliferation upon overexpression of miR-342-3p was analyzed by MTS assay. c Number of dead cells upon overexpression of miR-342-3p was calculated by trypan blue exclusion assay. d Western blotting analysis of LC3A/B protein with SU-DHL-16 cells transfected with miR-342-3p mimics or negative scramble control for 120 h. Numbers above the band represented the relative protein level of LC3A/B-II normalized to β-actin by densitometric analysis with Image J software. e-g SU-DHL-16 cells were exposed to a 24-h treatment with increasing concentrations of 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of autophagy, followed by (e) Western blotting analysis of LC3A/B protein, of which, LC3-II is a functional marker for autophagy, MTS assay (f) and trypan blue exclusion assay (g). Numbers above the band represented the relative protein level of LC3A/B-II normalized to β-actin by densitometric analysis with Image J software. h, i SU-DHL-16 cells were pre-treated with 3-MA (1 mM) for 24 h before transfection with miR-342-3p mimics or negative scramble control for 120 h, followed by MTS assay (h) and trypan blue exclusion assay (i). Data of MTS were normalized to negative scramble control or untreated control as 100%. Data of MTS assay were normalized to negative scramble control as 100%. Columns represent mean +/− 1SD from three experiments in triplicate showing intronic miRNAs, such as miR-28 [34] and miR-3151 [35], which are co-regulated by promoter DNA methylation of their host genes. Therefore, our data have expanded evidence on the view that intronic miRNA is co-regulated by promoter DNA methylation of its host gene [36,37].
Thirdly, in primary NHL samples, EVL/MIR342 methylation frequency was differential among different subtypes of NHL with significantly higher frequency in B-cell lymphoma than T-cell lymphoma. Therefore, these results are similar to preferential methylation of MIR124-1 [17] and MIR129-2 [14] in B-cell lymphoma. Lymphoma is highly heterogenous with different genetic and epigenetic features [38]. For instance, microarray-based DNA methylation study in 367 hematological neoplasms demonstrated that promoter DNA hypermethylation was more frequent in B and T precursor lymphoid neoplasias as well as mature Bcell lymphomas of germinal center origin such as DLBCL, FL and BL, than mature T-cell lymphomas such as PTCL and AITL [39]. Therefore, differential methylation of EVL/MIR342 might be accounted by the different cell of origin and hence pathogenetic mechanisms.
Fourthly, our data have shown that the tumor suppressor function of miR-342-3p was mediated by inhibition of pro-survival autophagy in B-cell lymphoma cells. Autophagy is a catabolic process in cellular homeostasis via orderly clearance and recycle of cellular organelles [40]. In tumorigenesis, autophagy is regarded as a "doubleedged sword", whereby tumor suppressive function in cancer initiation and oncogenic function in tumor progression [30,41]. For instance, while Becn1 gene is a master player in multiple steps of autophagy [42], Becn1 mutant mice (Becn1 +/-) were prone to developing spontaneous lymphoma compared with Becn1 wild-type mice [43], indicating the tumor suppressor role of autophagy on tumor initiation. In contrast, in SP53 and JEKO-1 MCL cells, repression of autophagy by knockout of ATG5, a component of the phagophore elongation Fig. 5 Identification of MAP1LC3B as a novel direct target for miR-342-3p. a By qRT-PCR, in SU-DHL-16 cells, the expression of MAP1LC3B was downregulated upon overexpression of miR-342-3p compared with negative scramble control. Data were normalized to negative scramble control as 1. b By qRT-PCR, the expression of MAP1LC3B was significantly higher in NHL cell lines methylated for EVL/MIR342. c Sequences of putative miR-342-3p binding sites in cloned fragment of MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR, showing one bioinformatically predicted putative seed region binding site (site 1) and two 5-mer binding sites (sites 2 and 3). The deletion mutant was generated according to the bottom line of each binding site. d Luciferase plasmids containing wild-type or mutant MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR were co-transfected with miR-342-3p mimics or scramble control into HeLa cells. Luciferase reporter assay was performed at 48 hours post-transfection. Co-transfection of both miR-342-3p mimics and wild-type MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR significantly reduced luciferase assay signals. Deletion of the putative SRBS did not restore the luciferase signal whereas deletion of all three binding sites could restore the luciferase activity as compared with wild-type MAP1LC3B 3′-UTR. Data were normalized to negative scramble control as 100%. Columns represented mean +/− 1SD from three experiments in triplicate complex in autophagy, by lentivirus-mediated CRISPR-Cas9, resulted in inhibition of cellular proliferation and increase of apoptosis [44], suggested the oncogenic role of autophagy for lymphoma. Herein, we have demonstrated the suppression of cellular proliferation and increase of cell death upon pharmacological inhibition of autophagy in B-cell lymphoma cells, thereby consistent with the pro-survival role of autophagy, Moreover, restoration of miR-342-3p led to tumor suppressive effect in B-cell lymphoma cells, but not B-cell lymphoma cells pre-treated with an autophagy inhibitor, 3-MA, thereby confirming a role of pro-survival autophagy in miR-342-3p-mediataed tumor suppressive activity in B-cell lymphoma cells.
Furthermore, our data demonstrated for the first time that inhibition of autophagy by miR-342-3p was mechanistically mediated through direct targeting of MAP1LC3B, which is converted via post-translational modification to LC3-II, a functional marker of autophagy. Therefore, together with our data herein, multiple genes in the autophagy pathway have been shown to be regulated by miRNAs, including targeting of ATG2B by miR-130 in chronic lymphocytic leukemia [45] and ATG14 by miR-140 in multiple myeloma [46]. On the other hand, in contrast to previously reported that miRNA targeting was mediated through the putative SRBS of ≥ 6-mer [47], our data showed that additional two 5-mer binding sites in the 3'UTR of MAP1LC3B contributed to targeting by miR-342-3p, and hence similarly suggesting a role of 5-mer binding sites in miR-NAs-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of target genes [48].
Finally, given that DNMT1 is a known target of miR-342-3p [25], herein we showed that over-expression of miR-342-3p led to promoter hypomethylation and re-expression of tumor suppressor gene E-CAD in B-cell lymphoma cells. Interestingly, upregulation of DNMT1 has been shown to correlate with inferior survival in NHL, hence implicated in the pathogenesis of lymphoma [49,50]. Therefore, methylation-mediated silencing of miR-342-3p leads to upregulation of DNMT1 in B-cell lymphoma with the potential of promoter

Conclusions
In conclusion, our study showed that miR-342-3p is coregulated with its host gene EVL in NHL by tumorspecific promoter DNA methylation. Moreover, the tumor-suppressive role of miR-342-3p in B cell lymphoma was mediated by inhibition of pro-survival autophagy via direct targeting of MAP1LC3B, a precursor of LC3-II, hence a functional marker of autophagy, in addition to targeting and repression of DNMT1, with consequent hypomethylation and re-expression of tumor suppressor genes.

Patient samples
One hundred and thirty-two preoperatively untreated NHL biopsies at diagnosis from five hospitals in Hong Kong (Queen Mary Hospital, Kwong Wah Hospital, Princess Margaret Hospital, United Christian Hospital and Pamela Youde Nethersole Eastern Hospital), were studied. They included 99 B-cell lymphoma cases and 33 T-cell lymphoma cases. B-cell lymphoma cases comprised 56 DLBCL, 17 mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), six follicular lymphoma (FL), five Burkitt lymphoma (BL), seven small lymphocytic lymphoma (SLL), four mucosaassociated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALT), three marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) and one Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (WM) case. T-cell lymphoma cases comprised 20 peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) and 13 angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) cases. The diagnosis of NHL was based on the WHO (World Health Organization) classification [38]. Eleven formalin fixed, paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tonsil tissues were obtained from healthy individuals who underwent tonsillectomy. Our study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of Queen Mary Hospital. Samples were collected from patients with informed consent and in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

DNA and RNA extraction
Extraction of DNA from NHL cell lines and healthy peripheral blood was performed with DNA Blood Mini kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Extraction of DNA from NHL patient frozen biopsies was conducted with automated DNA extraction system (DNA Tissue Kit from Qiagen). For FFPE fixed NHL patient samples and normal tonsils, DNA extraction was conducted by using QIAamp DNA FFPE Tissue Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). Total RNA was extracted with Direct-zol™ RNA MiniPrep kit (Zymo Research).

Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (MSP)
DNA bisulfite treatment was performed to convert unmethylated cytosine into uracil with EpiTect Bisulfite Kit (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). MSP primers were designed at the CpG island upstream to MIR342 host gene EVL (Additional file 3: Figure S3) and E-Cadherin (E-CAD) gene. Details of primer sequence and PCR condition for methylated-MSP (M-MSP) and unmethylated-MSP (U-MSP) were listed in Table 2 Figure  S3. The 2 −ΔΔCt method was used to analyze the expression changes of miR-342-3p and EVL before and after 5-AzadC treatment, and the expression changes of miR-342-3p, MAP1LC3B, DNMT1, and E-CAD after transfection of precursor miR-342-3p mimics compared with scrambled oligonucleotides control in SU-DHL-16 cells. Primer sequence for EVL, DNMT1, E-CAD and GAPDH are available in Table 2 [16,51,52].

DNA demethylation treatment
SU-DHL-16 cells were seeded at a density of 1 × 10 6 cells/ml in 25 cm 2 flasks and cultured with 0.5-1.5 μM of 5-AzadC (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO) for 6 days, with fresh medium and 5-AzadC replaced at every 24 h. Cells were harvested on day 6 for DNA and RNA extraction.

MTS assay and trypan blue staining
Cellular proliferation was measured by MTS assay with CellTiter 96® AQ ueous One Solution Cell Proliferation Assay kit (Promega, USA). Briefly, transfected cells were seeded into a 96-well plate at the density of 2.5 × 10 4 cells/well in 100 μl medium. At 120 h post-transfection, 20 μl MTS reagent was added into each well and incubated for 4 h. Then the absorbance reading at 490 nm was recorded. Percentage of dead cells was determined by trypan blue dye exclusion assay under microscope at 120 h after transfection. Both dead cells and viable cells in five random microscopic fields were counted. Percentage of dead cells was calculated as: (total number of dead cells per microscopic field/total number of dead cells and viable cells per microscopic field) × 100%. Each assay was repeated in triplicate from three independent transfections.

Western-blotting
SU-DHL-16 cells transfected with either precursor miR-342-3p mimics or scramble control were harvested at 120 h post-transfection and lysed in RIPA buffer (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA) with protease inhibitors and phosphatase inhibitor Cocktail (Cell Signaling Technology). Cell lysates containing 10 μg protein were separated on Mini-PROTEAN TGX™ 10% SDS-PAGE gel (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA) and transferred to a 0.45-μm PVDF membrane (GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL, USA). The membranes were blocked and then incubated with primary antibodies (Rabbit anti-human, anti-LC3A/B 1:1000, anti-actin 1:5000; Cell Signaling Technology) at 4°C overnight. Thereafter, membranes were washed and incubated with secondary antibody (Anti-rabbit IgG, HRP-linked Antibody 1:3000, Cell Signaling) for 1 h at room temperature with gently shaking, followed by detection of protein signals with X-ray film. The integral optical density of protein bands was quantified by Image J software.
The sequence of PCR primers and PCR condition are summarized in Table 2.

Luciferase reporter assay
HeLa cells (kindly provided by Dr Zou, Department of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong) were cotransfected with 500 ng wild-type/mutant plasmids and precursor miR-342-3p mimics/negative scramble control at a final concentration of 50 nM with Lipofectamine 2000 transfection reagent in a 24-well plate. At 48 h posttransfection, transfected cells were harvested. The luminescent signal was quantified by Dual-Luciferase Reporter Assay System (Promega) by CLARIOstar (BMG Labtech). Firefly luciferase activity was normalized by Renilla luciferase activity. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate from three independent transfections.

Statistical analysis
The mean expression of miR-342-3p, EVL, or MAP1LC3B between methylated and unmethylated NHL cell lines or patient samples were compared by the Student's t test. The difference of trypan blue exclusion assay and MTS assay between SU-DHL-16 cells transfected with miR-342-3p mimics and scrambled oligonucleotides control were compared by Student's t test. The difference of EVL/MIR342 methylation frequency in different subtypes of NHL primary samples was analyzed by χ 2 test. Correlation between EVL/MIR342 methylation with age and gender were studied by Student's t test and χ 2 test, respectively. Overall survival was plotted by the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by the log-rank test. All P values were 2-sided. P < 0.05 was considered as significant difference.