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Table 1 Study characteristics from N = 99 identified studies on cardiovascular epigenetics

From: DNA methylation and cardiovascular disease in humans: a systematic review and database of known CpG methylation sites

 

% of total

No. of articles

Category

  

Heart

43.4

43

Vasculature

32.3

32

Cardiovascular disease (CVD)

12.1

12

Cardiovascular risk factors (CVRF)

8.1

8

Other

4.0

4

Tissue

  

Blood

76.8

76

Cardiac tissue excluding ventricles

9.1

9

Cardiac ventricles

6.1

6

Aorta

5.1

5

Artery

3.0

3

Measuring method*

  

Illumina bead-based 450 k array

46.5

46

Pyrosequencing

12.1

12

Illumina bead-based 850 k array

10.1

10

Whole-Genome Bisulfite Sequencing (WGBS)

4.0

4

Illumina bead-based 27 k array

3.0

3

Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS)

2.0

2

Radiolabeling

2.0

2

Other

18.2

18

Outcome

  

Ischemic Stroke

11.1

11

Atherosclerosis

10.1

10

Incident CVD

8.1

8

Incident MI

8.1

8

Incident HF

6.1

6

CAD

5.1

5

Incident Dilated cardiomyopathy

4.0

4

Acute coronary syndrome

3.0

3

AFIB

3.0

3

CHD

3.0

3

Other

38.4

38

Measuring type*

  

Epigenome-wide methylation

59.6

59

Specific gene methylation

23.2

23

Global genome methylation

8.1

8

Epigenetic clock methylation

8.1

8

Specific CpG methylation

2.0

2

Study location

  

Asia

38.4

38

Europe

36.4

36

North and South America

26.3

26

Australia

1.0

1

Sex**

  

Female

54.0***

6986

Male

46.0***

5963

Age range**

  

0–30 years

2.0

2

30–60 years

23.2

23

60–100 years

62.6

62

Sample size range**

  

1–100

34.3

34

100–500

29.3

29

500–1000

15.2

15

1000–2000

7.1

7

2000–5000

10.1

10

≥ 5000

3.0

3

  1. *Some studies used multiple measuring methods/measuring types
  2. **Not all studies specified age range, sample size and sex of participants
  3. ***Percentages given considering n of reported male and female participants