Mediation effects of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation on birth outcomes after prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in the Michigan mother–infant Pairs cohort

Table 7 Mediation by methylation across multiple loci

Exposure, mediator, and outcome	Number of CpG Sites	p-Value	Benjamini–Hochberg q-value
PFHxS, 5-mC, and Fenton-Z-Score	5	0.0393	0.136
PFHxS, 5-hmC, and Fenton-Z-Score	6	0.241	0.241
PFNA, Total methylation, and gestational age	2	0.00913	0.0738
PFNA, 5-mC, and gestational age	37	1.93E-07	1.28E-05
PFNA, 5-hmC, and gestational age	26	3.72E-07	1.28E-05
PFUnDA, 5-mC, and gestational age	60	4.57E-04	0.0263
PFUnDA, 5-hmC, and gestational age	57	6.22E-06	7.15E-04

Kernel machine regression results using all significant CpG sites meeting the following filter criteria: CpG related to PFAS exposure (q < 0.05), PFAS related to birth outcome (p < 0.1), and CpG related to birth outcome (p < 0.05). Individual gene-wise results are described in Additional file 2: Table S7. n = 141 for total methylation and n = 70 for 5-mC and 5-hmC

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