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Table 2 Number of Sites Significantly Associated with PFAS by Model (q < 0.05)

From: Mediation effects of DNA methylation and hydroxymethylation on birth outcomes after prenatal per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) exposure in the Michigan mother–infant Pairs cohort

 

Total Methylation (n = 141)

Sex Interaction (n = 141)

Females (n = 72)

Males (n = 69)

PFHxS

12

84

17

81

PFOS

19

98

78

10

PFOA

2

1

0

0

PFNA

3

5

1

0

PFDA

4

4

2

2

PFUnDA

0

2

2

2

MeFOSAA

0

1

0

0

  1. Counts of the significant number of DNA methylation sites related to each PFAS exposure. Sex interaction models were used to select the sites with evidence for sex-specific relationships. Models were then run at these sites, stratified by infant sex. The following models were fit, where bolded term indicates the estimate of interest generating the counts above:
  2. \(\begin{aligned} {\text{Total}}\;{\text{Methylation}}\;{\text{at}}\;{\text{744}},{\text{926}}\;{\text{sites}} & = \beta _{0} + \varvec{\beta} _{1} {\mathbf{PFAS}} + \beta _{2} {\text{Parity}} + \beta _{3} {\text{Smoking}} + \beta _{4} {\text{Race}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{5} {\text{CD}}4{\text{T}} + \beta _{6} {\text{CD}}8{\text{T}} + \beta _{7} {\text{GranCell}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{8} n{\text{RBC}} + \beta _{9} {\text{PC}}1 + \beta _{{10}} {\text{PC}}2 + \beta _{{12}} {\text{Sex}} \\ \end{aligned}\)
  3. \(\begin{aligned} {\text{Sex}}\;{\text{Interaction}}\;{\text{Methylation}}\;{\text{at}}\;{\text{744}},{\text{926}}\;{\text{sites}} = & \beta _{0} + \beta _{1} {\text{PFAS}} + \beta _{2} {\text{Parity}} + \beta _{3} {\text{Smoking}} + \beta _{4} {\text{Race}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{5} {\text{CD}}4{\text{T}} + \beta _{6} {\text{CD}}8{\text{T}} + \beta _{7} {\text{GranCell}} + \beta _{8} n{\text{RBC}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{9} {\text{PC}}1 + \beta _{{10}} {\text{PC}}2 + \beta _{{12}} {\text{Sex}} + \varvec{\beta }_{{{\mathbf{13}}}} {\mathbf{Sex*PFAS}} \\ \end{aligned}\)
  4. \(\begin{aligned} {\text{Male}}\;{\text{or}}\;{\text{Female}}\;{\text{Methylation}}\;{\text{at}}\;{\text{Sites}}\;{\text{with}}\;{\text{Sex}}\;{\text{Interaction}} & = \beta _{0} + \varvec{\beta }_{{\mathbf{2}}} {\mathbf{PFAS}} + \beta _{2} {\text{Parity}} + \beta _{3} {\text{Smoking}} + \beta _{4} {\text{Race}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{5} {\text{CD}}4{\text{T}} + \beta _{6} {\text{CD}}8{\text{T}} + \beta _{7} {\text{GranCell}} \\ & \quad + \beta _{8} n{\text{RBC}} + \beta _{9} {\text{PC}}1 + \beta _{{10}} {\text{PC}}2 \\ \end{aligned}\)
  5. CD4T: CD4 T lymphocytes; CD8T: CD8 T lymphocytes; GranCell: granulated cells; MeFOSAA: 2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid; nRBC: nucleated red blood cells; PC: principal component representing batch effects; PFAS: per-/polyfluoroalkyl substances; PFHxS: perfluorohexanesulphonic acid; PFDA: perfluorodecanoic acid; PFNA: perfluorononanoic acid; PFOA: perfluorooctanoic acid; PFOS: perfluorooctanesulfonic acid; PFUnDA: perfluoroundecanoic acid
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Clinical Epigenetics

ISSN: 1868-7083

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