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Table 1 Demographics and medical characteristics of participants included in the epigenetic ageing analysis

From: Long-term impact of paediatric critical illness on the difference between epigenetic and chronological age in relation to physical growth

Demographics and medical characteristics of participants

Healthy control children

N = 392

PICU-patients

N = 818

p-value

PICU-patients

Early-PN

N = 406

PICU-patients

Late-PN

N = 412

p-value

Demographics

Age at 2-year follow-up (age at swab collection)

      

 Median (IQR)—years

3.8 (2.6–8.2)

3.4 (2.6–7.9)

0.96

3.5 (2.6–8.1)

3.2 (2.6–7.7)

0.60

 Mean (SD)—years

6.0 (4.7)

6.0 (4.8)

 

6.0 (4.6)

6.0 (4.9)

 

Gender

 Male—no (%)

212 (54.1)

475 (58.1)

0.19

238 (58.6)

237 (57.5)

0.75

 Female—no (%)

180 (45.9)

343 (41.9)

 

168 (41.4)

175 (42.5)

 

Known non-Caucasian racea—no (%)

32 (8.2)

66 (8.1)

0.95

39 (9.6)

27 (6.6)

0.10

Known non-European origina—no (%)

51 (13.0)

144 (17.6)

0.03

82 (20.2)

62 (15.0)

0.05

Medical characteristics

STRONGkids risk levelb

  

/

  

0.69

 Medium—no (%)

NA

736 (90.0)

 

367 (90.4)

369 (89.6)

 

 High—no (%)

NA

82 (10.0)

 

39 (9.6)

43 (10.4)

 

PeLOD score, first 24 h in PICUc—mean (SD)

NA

21.0 (11.6)

/

21.0 (11.8)

21.1 (11.4)

0.69

PIM3 scored—mean (SD)

NA

−3.4 (1.4)

/

−3.4 (1.4)

−3.5 (1.3)

0.48

PIM3 probability of deathe (%)—mean (SD)

NA

6.7 (11.8)

/

6.9 (11.9)

6.4 (11.6)

0.63

Diagnostic category

  

/

  

0.71

 Surgical

  Abdominal—no (%)

NA

63 (7.7)

 

28 (9.4)

29 (9.2)

 

  Burns—no (%)

NA

2 (0.2)

 

1 (0.3)

1 (0.3)

 

  Cardiac—no (%)

NA

364 (44.5)

 

126 (42.4)

138 (43.5)

 

  Neurosurgery-Traumatic brain injury—no (%)

NA

72 (8.8)

 

28 (9.4)

23 (7.3)

 

  Thoracic—no (%)

NA

41 (5.0)

 

20 (6.7)

15 (4.7)

 

  Transplantation—no (%)

NA

14 (1.7)

 

3 (1.0)

7 (2.2)

 

  Orthopaedic surgery-Trauma—no (%)

NA

40 (4.9)

 

12 (4.0)

7 (2.2)

 

  Other—no (%)

NA

26 (3.2)

 

8 (2.7)

13 (4.1)

 

 Medical

  Cardiac—no (%)

NA

24 (2.9)

 

8 (2.7)

14 (4.4)

 

  Gastrointestinal-Hepatic—no (%)

NA

5 (0.6)

 

1 (0.3)

1 (0.3)

 

  Oncologic-Haematologic—no (%)

NA

5 (0.6)

 

2 (0.7)

3 (1.0)

 

  Neurologic—no (%)

NA

49 (6.0)

 

16 (5.4)

19 (6.0)

 

  Renal—no (%)

NA

0 (0.0)

 

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

 

  Respiratory—no (%)

NA

78 (9.5)

 

30 (10.1)

34 (10.7)

 

  Other—no (%)

NA

35 (4.3)

 

14 (4.7)

13 (4.1)

 

Malignancy—no (%)

0 (0.0)

39 (4.8)

 < 0.0001

24 (5.9)

15 (3.6)

0.12

Syndromef—no (%)

4 (1.0)

168 (20.5)

 < 0.0001

81 (20.0)

87 (21.1)

0.67

  1. Bold indicates a statistically significant difference between groups
  2. aParticipants were classified according to race and geographical origin by the investigators
  3. bScores on the Screening Tool for Risk on Nutritional Status and Growth (STRONGkids) range from 0 to 5, with a score of 0 indicating a low risk of malnutrition, a score of 1 to 3 indicating medium risk, and a score of 4 to 5 indicating high risk
  4. cPaediatric Logistic Organ Dysfunction (PeLOD) scores range from 0 to 71, with higher scores indicating more severe illness
  5. dPaediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) scores, with higher scores indicating a higher risk of mortality
  6. ePaediatric Index of Mortality 3 (PIM3) probability of death
  7. fA pre-randomisation syndrome or illness a priori defined as affecting or possibly affecting development (Additional file 3)
  8. IQR interquartile range; NA not applicable; no number; PeLOD paediatric logistic organ dysfunction score; PICU paediatric intensive care unit; PIM3 paediatric index of mortality 3 score; PN parenteral nutrition; SD standard deviation