Table 1 Characteristics of study subjects in a matched (1:1) study of 30 pairs of term placentas in LGA and OGA newborns in the Shanghai birth cohort
LGA (n = 30) | OGA(n = 30) | P* | |
|---|---|---|---|
Mothers | |||
Age (years) | 29.5 ± 3.5 | 29.8 ± 3.2 | 0.78 |
> 35 y | 2 (6.7) | 2 (6.7) | 1.00 |
Ethnicity, Han | 30 (100.0) | 30 (100.0) | 1.00 |
Education (university) | 19 (63.3) | 20 (66.7) | 0.79 |
Primiparity | 24 (60.0) | 24 (60.0) | 1.00 |
Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 24.0 ± 3.4 | 21.2 ± 3.8 | 0.006 |
Obesity (BMI > 28) | 5 (19.2) | 2 (7.4) | 0.20 |
Gestational hypertension | 3 (10.0) | 0 (0.0) | 0.08 |
Family history of diabetes | 4 (13.3) | 2 (6.7) | 0.39 |
Family history of hypertension | 10 (33.3) | 14 (46.7) | 0.29 |
Smoking in pregnancy | 1 (3.3) | 0 (0.0) | 0.31 |
HbA1c in second trimester | 5.0 ± 0.5 | 5.0 ± 0.3 | 0.66 |
HbA1c in third trimester | 5.1 ± 0.4 | 5.1 ± 0.3 | 0.77 |
Newborns | |||
Cesarean delivery | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) | < 0.001 |
Sex, male | 17 (56.7) | 17 (56.7) | 1.00 |
Gestational age (weeks) | 39.5 ± 0.8 | 39.6 ± 0.8 | 0.66 |
Preterm birth (< 37 weeks) | 0 (0.0) | 0 (0.0) | |
Birth weight (g) | 4276.2 ± 340.7 | 3390.2 ± 264.7 | < 0.001 |
Z score | 2.37 ± 0.85 | 0.13 ± 0.66 | < 0.001 |
Birth length (cm) | 51.14 ± 0.77 | 50.05 ± 0.68 | < 0.001 |
Z score | 1.12 ± 0.78 | 0.03 ± 0.71 | < 0.001 |
Cord blood biomarkers | |||
Insulin (pmol/L) | 33.6 ± 26.3 | 40.1 ± 43.4 | 0.48 |
Proinsulin (pmol/L) | 32.5 ± 32.0 | 24.4 ± 22.1 | 0.26 |
C-Peptide (pmol/L) | 291.0 ± 168.9 | 286.8 ± 161.1 | 0.92 |
IGF-I (ng/ml) | 88.8 ± 30.4 | 68.6 ± 22.9 | 0.006 |
IGF-II (ng/ml) | 196.8 ± 28.5 | 191.4 ± 32.8 | 0.51 |
Leptin (ng/ml) | 12.4 ± 8.5 | 9.4 ± 6.7 | 0.15 |
Adiponectin, HMW (μg/mL) | 14.6 ± 7.0 | 20.5 ± 10.4 | 0.01 |
Adiponectin, Total (μg/mL) | 37.0 ± 16.8 | 40.6 ± 18.4 | 0.43 |