Reference | Species | Materials | Technology of assessment | Targeted imprinted genes | Conclusions |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Derakhshan-Horeh et al. [115] | Human | Blastocysts | Bisulfite sequencing PCR | H19 and IGF2 | No significant differences |
Yao et al. [116] | Human | Placenta from vitrified embryos | q-PCR, western blot and pyrosequencing | SNRPN | The expression level of SNRPN increased after vitrification |
Barberet et al. [118] | Human | Placenta | Pyrosequencing and q-PCR | H19, IGF2, KCNQ1OT1, SNURF | The placental DNA methylation levels of H19/IGF2 were lower in the fresh embryo transfer group than in the control (H19/IGF2-seq1) and frozen embryo transfer (H19/IGF2-seq2) groups |
Bartolac et al. [108] | Pig | Blastocysts | q-PCR | Igf2 and Igf2r | Igf2 and Igf2r were significantly decreased after vitrification |
Movahed et al. [109] | Mouse | Blastocysts from vitrified 2-cell embryos | q-PCR | Gtl2 and Dlk1 | Gtl2 was down-regulated and Dlk1 was up-regulated after vitrification |
Jahangiri et al. [110] | Mouse | Blastocysts from vitrified 2-cell embryos | q-PCR | H19 and Mest | Significantly increased after vitrification |
Yao et al. [111] | Mouse | 8-cell embryos | q-PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR | Grb10 | The methylation level and gene expression of Grb10 decreased |
Ma et al. [113] | Mouse | Fetuses and placentas from vitrified eight‐cell embryos | q-PCR | Dlk1, Igf2, Kcnq1ot1, Mest, Ndn, Peg3, Plagl1, Sgce, Snrpn, Cd81, Cdknic, Dcn, Gatm, Gnas, Grb10, Gtl2, H19, Igf2r, Mash2, Osbp15, Phlda2, Slc22a18, Ube3a, Zim1 | A majority of maternally expressed genes were upregulated in fetuses |
Wang et al. [114] | Mouse | Fetuses and placentas from vitrified embryos | q-PCR and pyrosequencing | H19 and Igf2 | The expression of H19 was significantly increased after vitrification, whereas Igf2 was significantly decreased. Methylation levels were decreased |