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Table 2 Effects of embryo cryopreservation on imprinted genes

From: Advantages of vitrification preservation in assisted reproduction and potential influences on imprinted genes

Reference

Species

Materials

Technology of assessment

Targeted imprinted genes

Conclusions

Derakhshan-Horeh et al. [115]

Human

Blastocysts

Bisulfite sequencing PCR

H19 and IGF2

No significant differences

Yao et al. [116]

Human

Placenta from vitrified embryos

q-PCR, western blot and pyrosequencing

SNRPN

The expression level of SNRPN increased after vitrification

Barberet et al. [118]

Human

Placenta

Pyrosequencing and q-PCR

H19, IGF2, KCNQ1OT1, SNURF

The placental DNA methylation levels of H19/IGF2 were lower in the fresh embryo transfer group than in the control (H19/IGF2-seq1) and frozen embryo transfer (H19/IGF2-seq2) groups

Bartolac et al. [108]

Pig

Blastocysts

q-PCR

Igf2 and Igf2r

Igf2 and Igf2r were significantly decreased after vitrification

Movahed et al. [109]

Mouse

Blastocysts from vitrified 2-cell embryos

q-PCR

Gtl2 and Dlk1

Gtl2 was down-regulated and Dlk1 was up-regulated after vitrification

Jahangiri et al. [110]

Mouse

Blastocysts from vitrified 2-cell embryos

q-PCR

H19 and Mest

Significantly increased after vitrification

Yao et al. [111]

Mouse

8-cell embryos

q-PCR and bisulfite sequencing PCR

Grb10

The methylation level and gene expression of Grb10 decreased

Ma et al. [113]

Mouse

Fetuses and placentas from vitrified eight‐cell embryos

q-PCR

Dlk1, Igf2, Kcnq1ot1, Mest, Ndn, Peg3, Plagl1, Sgce, Snrpn, Cd81, Cdknic, Dcn, Gatm, Gnas, Grb10, Gtl2, H19, Igf2r, Mash2, Osbp15, Phlda2, Slc22a18, Ube3a, Zim1

A majority of maternally expressed genes were upregulated in fetuses

Wang et al. [114]

Mouse

Fetuses and placentas from vitrified embryos

q-PCR and pyrosequencing

H19 and Igf2

The expression of H19 was significantly increased after vitrification, whereas Igf2 was significantly decreased. Methylation levels were decreased