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Table 1 Urine concentrations of phthalates and bisphenols, specified per trimester

From: Fetal exposure to phthalates and bisphenols and DNA methylation at birth: the Generation R Study

 

LOD (nmol/L)

First trimester

Second trimester

Third trimester

Median (25–75th percentile)

Percentage < LOD

Median (25–75th percentile)

Percentage < LOD

Median (25–75th percentile)

Percentage < LOD

Phthalic acid (PA) (nmol/L)

6.68

349.2 (195.4–844.3)

0.3

953.2 (381.6–1558.6)

0

345.7 (187.1–715.6)

0.3

Monomethylphthalate (mMP) (nmol/L)

0.33

28.3 (14.8–52.4)

0.3

18.5 (9.2–34.1)

0.3

16.8 (9.4–36.6)

1.0

Monoethylphthalate (mEP) (nmol/L)

0.31

671.5 (198.0–2412.9)

0

330.5 (123.2–1057.6)

0

591.3 (207.8–1775.7)

0

Mono-isobutylphthalate (mIBP) (nmol/L)

0.40

84.2 (38.3–157.8)

0

35.6 (18.9–66.4)

0

58.9 (33.6–115.0)

0.3

Mono-n-butylphthalate (mBP) (nmol/L)

0.63

68.5 (30.8–124.5)

0.3

41.0 (24.4–75.1)

0

45.7 (23.9–78.8)

0

Monobenzylphthalate (mBzBP) (nmol/L)

0.59

24.6 (8.8–43.6)

6.9

17.4 (7.2–33.6)

2.9

9.9 (3.3–19.1)

3.6

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-carboxy-pentyl)phthalate (mECPP) (nmol/L)

0.94

46.8 (26.3–92.9)

0

33.2 (18.7–59.2)

0

51.7 (26.8–90.3)

0

Mono-(2-ethyl-5-hydroxy-hexyl)phthalate (mEHHP) (nmol/L)

0.27

35.1 (16.5–73.8)

0

19.1 (10.6–36.8)

0

33.0 (15.9–58.0)

0

Mono-(2-ethyl-5oxohexyl)phthalate (mEOHP) (nmol/L)

0.14

22.6 (10.4–45.7)

0

26.5 (14.2–56.7)

0

22.5 (12.1–43.4)

0

Mono-[(2-carboxymethyl)-hexyl]phthalate (mCMHP) (nmol/L)

0.13

42.4 (23.3–74.3)

0

12.3 (7.1–23.4)

0.3

9.1 (5.0–17.4)

0

Mono(3-carboxypropyl)phthalate (mCPP) (nmol/L)

0.03

5.2 (3.0–10.4)

0

3.6 (2.0–6.6)

0

6.6 (3.7–12.1)

0

Bisphenol A (BPA) (nmol/L)

0.66

6.2 (1.6–14.8)

18.0

5.2 (2.4–12.2)

8.2

6.0 (2.9–11.0)

9.2

  1. Values represent medians (25–75th percentiles). Absolute urine concentration of the limit of detection (in nmol/L urine) and individual exposures (in nmol/L urine) with concentrations below the limit of detection imputed as limit of detection/square root of 2. Only phthalates and bisphenols that have at least 75% detection in all trimesters are presented in this table. Individual exposures assessed but not included in the analysis in this study due to less than 75% of concentrations above the limit of detection in all trimesters include monoisononylphthalate, monocyclohexylphthalate, monooctylphthalate, mono-(8-methyl-1-nonyl)phthalate, mono-hexylphthalate, mono-2-heptylphthalate, mono-(7-carboxy-n-heptyl)phthalate, bisphenol S, bisphenol Z, bisphenol B, bisphenol F, bisphenol AP, bisphenol AF and bisphenol P
  2. LOD limit of detection