Table 3 Chromatin modifications, readers, and their functions. Adapted from [247] with permission of the publisher (License ID 1165278-1, 01-Dec-2021)
From: Epigenetic tumor heterogeneity in the era of single-cell profiling with nanopore sequencing
Chromatin modifications, readers, and their function | |||
|---|---|---|---|
Chromatin modification | Nomenclature | Chromatin-Reader motif | Attributed function |
DNA modifications | |||
5-methylcytosine | 5mC | MBD domain | Transcription |
5-hydroxymethylcytosine | 5hmC | Unknown | Transcription |
5-formylcytosine | 5fC | Unknown | Unknown |
5-carboxylocytosine | 5caC | Unknown | Unknown |
Histone modifications | |||
Acetylation | k-ac | Bromodomain Tandem PHD fingers | Transcription, repair, replication, and condensation |
Methylation (lysine) | K-me1, K-me2, K-me3 | Chromodomain, Tudor domain, MBT domain, PWWP domain, PHD fingers, WD40/β propeller | Transcription and repair |
Methylation (arginine) | R-me1, R-me2s, R-me2a | Tudor domain | Transcription |
Phosphorylation Ser and Thr | S-ph, T-ph | 14-3-3, BRCT | Transcription, repair, and condensation |
Phosphorylation (tyrosine) | Y-ph | SH2 | Transcription and repair |
Ubiquitylation | k-ub | UIM, IUIM | Transcription and repair |
Sumoylation | k-su | SIM | Transcription and repair |
ADP ribosylation | E-ar | Macro domain, PBZ domain | Transcription and repair |
Deimination | R-Cit | Unknown | Transcription and decondensation |
Proline isomerization | P-cis–trans | Unknown | Transcription |
Crotonylation | K-cr | Unknown | Transcription |
Propionylation | K-pr | Unknown | Unknown |
Butyrylation | K-bu | Unknown | Unknown |
Formylation | K-fo | Unknown | Unknown |
Hydroxylation | Y-oh | Unknown | Unknown |
O-Glc-NAcylation (Ser and The) | S-GlcNAc; T-GlcNAc | Unknown | Transcription |