Fig. 1

Epigenetic age fluctuation and underlying characteristics based on Horvath-normalized datasets. a Longitudinal change of epigenetic ages in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and monocytes in the two individuals (Person A and Person B). The ages were calculated based on three clocks. b Relationships between longitudinal DNA methylation change (standard deviation: SD) and the coefficient assigned to the clock CpGs. The dashed line indicates coefficient = 0. The single DNAm PhenoAge clock CpG exhibited a greater SD in the PBMCs of Person A (> 0.15), as is indicated by an arrow. c Proportions of CpG and genic annotations of all clock CpGs (all), CpGs with a higher contribution to epigenetic age fluctuation (top 25% CpGs; high), and CpGs with a lower contribution (bottom 25% CpGs; low). Asterisks indicate a significant difference in annotation proportion. d Contribution of CpGs with type I and II probes to epigenetic age fluctuation (SD × coefficient)