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Table 3 Predicted functions and pathways of genes related with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) epigenome

From: Epigenome-wide association study of bronchopulmonary dysplasia in preterm infants: results from the discovery-BPD program

Functions and pathways

p-adj*

Selected related genes

Development and lung alveolarization

 Retinoic acid/retinoid X receptor/vitamin D receptor signaling

1.70E−02

ARID5A NCOA1 NCOR2 NR0B2 RARRES1 RARRES2 VDR

 Androgen receptor signaling

8.30E−03

BRCA1 CDC42 DSTN FHL2 FOXP1 HSD17B3 NCOA1 NCOR2 NR0B2 PTEN RB1

 Lung surfactant metabolism, alveolar epithelial development, glycosaminoglycan metabolism

2.90E−02

AGER AHSA1 ARRB1 CAVIN2 CHST14CTSH FNDC3B FOXP1 HS6ST1 MIR449A MIR326 NCOR2 RB1 RBPJ SPOCK2

 In utero/embryo growing

2.10E−02

AGER AGO2 AKAP13 ARRB1 CDH5 CTNND1 EDN1 NCOA1 NCOR2 NF1 NKX3-2 PBX2 PDPK1 PTEN RARRES2 RB1 VDR

Hematological system development and vascular disorders

 Platelet activation and coagulation

9.91E−03

AGER AMOTL1 ARRB1 CAVIN2 CDC42 CCL17 DGKA EDN1 GNG2 H3C2 ITGA2B LCK PDK1 PDPK1 PTEN SLC39A5 THBS1

 Angiogenesis and vascular permeability

  IL-8- and CXCR2-mediated signaling,

  VEGF/VEGFR2 pathway

1.44E−02

ANGPT2 ARRB1 CAVIN2 CCN1 CDH5 CDC42 CTNND1 DOCK2 EDN1 EEF2K EPS15 GNG2 ITGA2B LCK PDK1 PDPK1 PLCB3 SLC39A5 SYNPO2 THBS1

 Hematopoiesis

  Leukopoiesis, CXCR4-mediated signaling,

  PIP3 signaling in B lymphocytes

8.30E−03

AGER BAD BRCA1 AREB1 CCL17 CCN1 CDC42 CXCL11

CYTH3 DAPP1 FLOT2 FLT3LG GNG2 IKZF2 LCK NF1NR0B2 PDPK1 PLCB3 PTEN UBQLN1

 Enucleation of erythroid precursor cells

1.44E−02

HIPK2 RB1 MAEA RHAG

 Megakaryocyte differentiation

  Aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling,

  RUNX1 regulation

2.09E−02

AGO2 ALDH16A1 ALDH3A1 CDC42 DOCK2 GNG2 H2AC4 H3C2 ITGA2B KIF1B LCK NCOR2 NEDD8 NR0B2 PSMB8 RB1 THBS1

Cell proliferation and extracellular matrix

 Smooth muscle proliferation, muscle morphology and size, skeletal system development

1.40E−02

AGER AGTRAP AKAP13 ANGPT2 CHRM5 CLASP1 EDN1 FHL2 FOXP1 KEL LDB3 MYOZ2 NCOA1 NF1 PDPK1 PTEN RARRES2 RASGRF1 RB-SKI RB1 RBPJ TERC THBS1 TNFSF9 TRPM2 VDR ZBTB16

 Epithelial-mesenchymal transition, extracellular matrix organization

3.46E−02

BANP BRCA1 BTBD7 CCN1 CDC42 CLASP1 COL21A1 FNDC3B ITGA2B LAMB3 MFAP3L MIR193B NCOA1 PDPK1 PHLDB2 PTEN RB1 RBPJ SLC25A33 THBS1 UBQLN1 VEPH1

Mitochondrial energy metabolism

Response to decreased O2 level, glucose deprivation

1.13−E02

AGER AGTRAP ALDH3A1 ANGPT2 EDN1 EEF2K GHSR HIPK2 MDH1 MRPL14 NF1 PDK1 PKLR PKM PSMB8 PTEN RBPJ RHAG SLC25A26 SLC25A33 TERC THBS1 TOMM7 UBQLN1

Retinal disorder, inner ear development

4.66−E02

CAVIN2 CCN1 FJX1 GBP3 GJB6 HIPK2 LCK PTEN RB1 RBPJ TMEM63B

Immune and inflammatory responses

1.27−E02

AGER AGTRAP ANGPT2 ARRB1 CCN1 CCNT1 CDC42 CDH5 CXCL11 CYP7B1 DOCK2 EDN1 FLT3LG GPR18 KAT8 LCK MYO1G PDK1 PLCB3 PNKP PSMB8 PTEN RARRES2 RB1 TERC TNFSF9 TOP1 TRPM2 UBQLN1 VDR

Production of reactive oxygen species

1.81−E02

AGER AGTRAP ANGPT2 BRCA1 CCN1 CDC42 CDH5 DOCK2 EDN1 LCK PDK1 PLCB3 PNKP PSMB8 PTEN RARRES2 RB1 RRBPJ SLC25A33 TOP1 TRPM2 UBQLN1 VDR

  1. Analyses were done using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), ToppGene Suite, David Functional Annotation, and Reactome Pathway Database tools
  2. *Significance between the number of genes differentially methylated in BPD versus non-BPD and the total number of genes in annotated gene ontology, functions, or pathways (the lowest adjusted p value of similar annotations from multiple pathway analysis tools). Analyzed with 385 genes associated with 275 CpGs (FDR 1%) significantly varied between BPD (n = 14) and non-BPD (n = 93). Pathways analyzed with 2164 genes annotated to 1581 CpGs (FDR 5%) are listed in Additional file 1: Table S7A