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Table 1 Demographic of participants in the training set and testing set (the simplified version)

From: A deep learning model for early risk prediction of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction by DNA methylation profiles combined with clinical features

 

Training set

Testing set

No-CHF (n = 738)

HFpEF (n = 59)

P value

No-CHF (n = 139)

HFpEF (n = 32)

P value

Male

268 (36.3)

30 (50.8)

0.037

100 (71.9)

21 (65.6)

0.62

Age, years

64.0 ± 7.93

73.3 ± 7.84

 < 0.001

68.6 ± 8.48

76.8 ± 7.73

 < 0.001

Smoking

63 (8.5)

3 (5.1)

0.496

5 (3.6)

2 (6.2)

0.85

BMI, kg/m2

27.9 ± 5.20

30.1 ± 5.97

0.004

28.4 ± 4.18

30.5 ± 5.92

0.041

Fasting blood glucose, mg/dL†

104 ± 21.8

118 ± 36.7

 < 0.001

110 ± 26.7

111 ± 24.8

0.52

LDL cholesterol, mg/dL†

112 ± 30.5

100 ± 23.6

0.011

95.2 ± 29.8

87.4 ± 28.4

0.36

HDL cholesterol, mg/dL

58.6 ± 16.9

52.6 ± 16.5

0.007

53.7 ± 14.4

47.2 ± 16.9

0.0087

Average diastolic blood pressure, mmHg

74.3 ± 9.56

71.3 ± 11.3

0.044

73.2 ± 10.2

64.0 ± 10.6

 < 0.001

Average systolic blood pressure, mmHg

127 ± 16.6

137 ± 16.9

 < 0.001

130 ± 16.5

133 ± 23.7

0.49

Total cholesterol, mg/dL

194 ± 36.4

177 ± 29.9

0.002

170 ± 34.5

159 ± 44.9

0.089

Triglycerides, mg/dL

116 ± 60.1

122 ± 54.9

0.22

109 ± 56.7

115 ± 94.9

0.63

Creatinine serum, mg/dL†

0.87 ± 0.20

1.13 ± 0.73

 < 0.001

0.986 ± 0.24

1.38 ± 1.13

0.069

Creatinine urine, mg/100 mL†

101 ± 60.5

108 ± 56.8

0.25

113 ± 79.4

104 ± 62.3

0.92

Albuminuria urine, mg/L†

11.2 ± 38.5

93.0 ± 255

 < 0.001

11.6 ± 21.5

116 ± 240

 < 0.001

Hemoglobin A1c, whole blood, %

5.66 ± 0.61

5.99 ± 1.19

0.017

5.79 ± 0.844

6.14 ± 0.96

0.011

C reactive protein, mg/L†

3.24 ± 6.91

3.82 ± 4.19

0.004

2.06 ± 2.02

5.33 ± 9.62

0.0012

Ejection fraction, % †

66.6 ± 5.14

66.1 ± 6.57

0.85

65.6 ± 5.24

67.3 ± 7.44

0.13

Ventricular rate per minute by ECG, beats/min

62.1 ± 10.0

63.5 ± 10.1

0.22

59.7 ± 9.46

59.7 ± 13.0

0.85

Atrial fibrillation

14 (1.9)

6 (10.2)

 < 0.001

16 (11.5)

21 (65.6)

 < 0.001

Stroke

2 (0.3)

1 (1.7)

0.54

15 (10.8)

7 (21.9)

0.16

Left ventricular hypertrophy†

5 (0.7)

2 (3.4)

0.15

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

Atrial enlargement†

8 (1.1)

4 (6.8)

0.003

6 (4.3)

2 (6.2)

1

Coronary heart disease

17 (2.3)

9 (15.3)

 < 0.001

45 (32.4)

16 (50.0)

0.095

Myocardial infarction

3 (0.4)

0 (0)

1

24 (17.3)

7 (21.9)

0.72

Right ventricular hypertrophy‡

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

Aspirin

239 (32.4)

31 (52.5)

0.003

89 (64.0)

21 (65.6)

1

Folic acid

30 (4.1)

6 (10.2)

0.065

11 (7.9)

4 (12.5)

0.631

Statin

220 (29.8)

24 (40.7)

0.11

94 (67.6)

21 (65.6)

0.993

Thiazides

86 (11.7)

9 (15.3)

0.54

22 (15.8)

7 (21.9)

0.575

Diuretics

17 (2.3)

12 (20.3)

 < 0.001

4 (2.9)

10 (31.2)

 < 0.001

Potassium

21 (2.8)

2 (3.4)

1

2 (1.4)

0 (0)

1

Aldosterone

6 (0.8)

1 (1.7)

1

10 (7.2)

4 (12.5)

0.529

Amiodarone

2 (0.3)

0 (0)

1

0 (0)

0 (0)

–

Omega 3

73 (9.9)

4 (6.8)

0.583

24 (17.3)

3 (9.4)

0.404

Vasodilators

6 (0.8)

1 (1.7)

1

10 (7.2)

4 (12.5)

0.529

Co-Q 10

18 (2.4)

1 (1.7)

1

4 (2.9)

1 (3.1)

1

ß-blocker

128 (17.3)

23 (39.0)

 < 0.001

61 (43.9)

20 (62.5)

0.0882

Angiotensin II antagonists

41 (5.6)

10 (16.9)

0.002

12 (8.6)

5 (15.6)

0.388

ACEI

133 (18.0)

19 (32.2)

0.013

52 (37.4)

15 (46.9)

0.431

Warfarin

13 (1.8)

3 (5.1)

0.204

4 (2.9)

3 (9.4)

0.239

Clopidogrel

4 (0.5)

1 (1.7)

0.824

9 (6.5)

6 (18.8)

0.062

  1. Categorical variables and continuous variables with Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney U test were used for two-group comparison
  2. Values are mean ± SD or n (%). P value is the comparison of heart failure patients versus non-heart failure controls
  3. CHF chronic heart failure, HFpEF heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor
  4. †Missing sample less than 20%. ‡ Missing sample more than 20%