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Table 1 Characteristics of Project Viva mother–infant pairs with cord blood and mid-childhood samples

From: Prenatal metal exposure, cord blood DNA methylation and persistence in childhood: an epigenome-wide association study of 12 metals

 

Cord blood (N = 361)

Mid-childhood (N = 333)a

 

N or median

% or IQR

N or median

% or IQR

Maternal characteristics

    

Age at enrollment (years), median (IQR)

32.4

(29.7, 35.9)

32.9

(29.7, 36.2)

College graduate

255

70.6%

234

70.3%

Smoking during pregnancy

41

11.4%

38

11.4%

Annual household income > $70,000

218

60.4%

206

61.9%

Nulliparous

177

49.0%

150

45.0%

Prenatal BMI, median (IQR)

23.5

(21.3, 27.2)

23.5

(21.5, 26.6)

Red blood cell concentration (ng/g), median (IQR)

    

 As

0.86

(0.46, 1.5)

0.81

(0.44, 1.64)

 Ba

3.15

(2.06, 5.95)

3.10

(1.96, 5.57)

 Cd

0.39

(0.27, 0.56)

0.40

(0.27, 0.55)

 Cr

1.31

(0.86, 1.91)

1.37

(0.87, 2.16)

 Cs

2.53

(2.02, 3.14)

2.48

(1.94, 3.14)

 Cu

562

(517, 620)

560

(513.0, 619.0)

 Hgb

3.19

(1.69, 6.68)

3.26

(1.85. 5.89)

 Mg

41,500

(37,100, 46,400)

41,000

(36,600, 46,000)

 Mn

15.80

(13.10, 19.70)

15.70

(12.80, 19.80)

 Pb

18.10

(13.90, 23.80)

18.00

(14.00, 19.00)

 Se

249

(222, 279)

247

(222, 274)

 Zn

10,300

(9,380, 11,600)

10,300

(9,280, 11,500)

Infant characteristics

    

Female

169

46.8%

158

47.4%

Gestational age (weeks), median (IQR)

40

(39.0, 40.9)

39.9

(38.9, 40.6)

Birth weight z-score

0.19

(− 0.35, 0.90)

0.24

(− 0.35, 0.97)

Race/ethnicity

    

  White

254

70.4%

221

66.4%

  Black

41

11.4%

52

15.6%

  Hispanic

20

5.5%

17

5.1%

  Asian

8

2.2%

9

2.7%

  More than one race or other

38

10.5%

34

10.2%

Age at mid-childhood blood draw (years), median (IQR)

–

–

7.66

(7.38, 8.25)

  1. aA total of 189 mother–infant pairs had both cord blood and mid-childhood DNAm data
  2. bCord blood: N = 358; mid-childhood: N = 326; data are complete for all other variables