Investigating the DNA methylation profile of e-cigarette use

Table 3 Differences in DNA methylation scores between participant groups

DNA methylation score	Smokers versus non-smokers (n = 231)		Vapers versus non-smokers (n = 228)		Vapers versus smokers (n = 225)
DNA methylation score	Coefficient (SE)	p value	Coefficient (SE)	p value	Coefficient (SE)	p value
Smoking^a
Joehanes [10]	0.62 (0.15)	4.39 × 10^–5	0.13 (0.15)	0.360	− 0.59 (0.14)	3.25 × 10^–5
Teschendorff [14]	0.40 (0.16)	0.010	0.12 (0.14)	0.864	− 0.34 (0.15)	0.024
Lu [33]	0.65 (0.11)	7.9 × 10^–9	0.30 (0.10)	0.002	− 0.47 (0.13)	1.98 × 10^–4
McCartney [16]	0.83 (0.13)	2.14 × 10^–10	0.30 (0.12)	0.012	− 0.68 (0.13)	3.67 × 10^–7
AHRR [25]	− 0.90 (0.13)	1.12 × 10^–11	− 0.23 (0.11)	0.028	0.82 (0.14)	1.62 × 10^–9
Epigenetic age^b
IEAA [34]	− 0.02 (0.68)	0.981	− 0.08 (0.64)	0.907	0.41 (0.67)	0.538
EEAA [37]	0.91 (0.73)	0.212	0.38 (0.69)	0.578	− 0.68 (0.69)	0.325
PhenoAge [36]	0.26 (0.81)	0.751	− 0.20 (0.86)	0.816	0.11 (0.85)	0.897
GrimAge [33]	2.57 (0.59)	1.36 × 10^–5	0.74 (0.55)	0.179	− 2.41 (0.57)	2.09 × 10^–5

Adjusted for age, sex, body mass index, educational attainment, household smoking and recreational drug use
^aCoefficients = SD unit difference in score between groups; ^bcoefficients = difference in years between groups