From: Combined effects of progesterone and SOCS3 DNA methylation on T2DM: a case–control study
Variables | Men | Postmenopausal women | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Control | T2DM | P | Control | T2DM | P | |
Subjects, n | 286 | 157 | 299 | 172 | ||
Age (years) | 61.00 (54.00, 65.00) | 61.00 (54.00, 65.00) | 0.653 | 63.00 (58.00, 66.00) | 63.00 (58.00, 66.00) | 0.845 |
Marital status, n (%) | 0.912 | 0.354 | ||||
Married/cohabiting | 256 (89.5) | 140 (89.2) | 259 (86.6) | 154 (89.5) | ||
Widowed/single/divorced/separation | 30 (10.5) | 17 (10.8) | 40 (13.4) | 18 (10.5) | ||
Smoking status, n (%) | 0.019 | 1.000 | ||||
Never smoking | 102 (35.7) | 53 (33.8) | 298 (99.7) | 172 (100.0) | ||
Give up smoking | 44 (15.4) | 41 (26.1) | 0 | 0 | ||
Smoking now | 140 (49.0) | 63 (40.1) | 1 (0.3) | 0 | ||
Drinking status, n (%) | 0.005 | 1.000 | ||||
Never drinking | 170 (59.4) | 70 (44.6) | 292 (97.7) | 168 (97.7) | ||
Stop drinking | 38 (13.3) | 22 (14.0) | 0 | 0 | ||
Drinking now | 78 (27.3) | 65 (41.4) | 7 (2.3) | 4 (2.3) | ||
More vegetable and fruit intake, n (%) | 186 (65.0) | 104 (66.2) | 0.798 | 190 (63.5) | 105 (61.0) | 0.589 |
Physical activity, n (%) | 0.664 | 0.121 | ||||
Low | 83 (29.0) | 52 (33.1) | 64 (21.4) | 50 (29.1) | ||
Mediate | 101 (35.3) | 53 (33.8) | 161 (53.8) | 89 (51.7) | ||
High | 102 (35.7) | 52 (33.1) | 74 (24.7) | 33 (19.2) | ||
Level of education, n (%) | 0.189 | 0.648 | ||||
≤ Primary school | 124 (43.4) | 58 (36.9) | 206 (68.9) | 115 (66.9) | ||
Junior secondary and above | 162 (56.6) | 99 (63.1) | 93 (31.1) | 57 (33.1) | ||
Family history of T2DM, n (%) | 5 (1.7) | 12 (7.6) | 0.002 | 1 (0.3) | 10 (5.8) | < 0.001 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 22.89 (20.94, 25.14) | 25.83 (23.51, 29.16) | < 0.001 | 23.08 (21.30, 25.45) | 27.19 (23.83, 29.09) | < 0.001 |
PP (mmHg) | 44.50 (40.00, 51.00) | 47.00 (42.00, 55.00) | 0.025 | 50.00 (42.00, 57.00) | 54.00 (46.00, 62.00) | 0.001 |
TC (mmol/L) | 4.44 (3.93, 4.94) | 4.53 (4.00, 5.30) | 0.184 | 4.85 (0.82) | 5.05 (1.02) | 0.028 |
TG (mmol/L) | 1.39 (0.96, 2.16) | 1.71 (1.19, 2.89) | < 0.001 | 1.54 (1.13, 2.34) | 1.97 (1.42, 2.91) | < 0.001 |
FPG (mmol/L) | 5.01 (4.69, 5.40) | 8.25 (7.27, 10.34) | < 0.001 | 5.17 (0.58) | 8.10 (7.29, 10.12) | < 0.001 |
INS (pmol/L) | 82.09 (64.03, 106.19) | 92.65 (69.24, 125.77) | 0.001 | 85.42 (67.85, 108.52) | 108.45 (83.51, 147.30) | < 0.001 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.50 (5.30, 5.80) | 7.50 (6.60, 9.10) | < 0.001 | 5.60 (5.30, 5.80) | 7.60 (6.70, 9.05) | < 0.001 |
Methylation level of SOCS3 (Chr17:76356190) (%), mean ± SD | 0.99 (0.67, 1.60) | 0.79 (0.61, 1.03) | < 0.001 | 0.92 (0.63, 1.55) | 0.77 (0.54, 1.05) | < 0.001 |
Methylation level of SOCS3 (Chr17:76356199) (%), mean ± SD | 0.98 (0.72, 1.31) | 0.82 (0.58, 1.03) | < 0.001 | 0.90(0.69, 1.17) | 0.82 (0.66, 1.04) | 0.014 |
Progesterone (ng/ml) | 0.83 (0.56, 1.16) | 1.29 (0.82, 1.77) | < 0.001 | 0.86 (0.62, 1.17) | 1.16 (0.92, 1.64) | < 0.001 |