Fig. 3

Performance of the optimal model on diagnosing benign and malignant pulmonary nodules. a, b The figures are the ROC curves of the model in the tissue samples and BALF samples, respectively, in the test set. a The figure is the ROC curve of the model in an independent validation set that only contains BALF samples. d The violin plots demonstrate the difference of cancer score between benign and malignant samples in the test set that contains pulmonary tissues and BALF samples. e The violin plots demonstrate the difference of cancer score between benign and malignant samples in an independent validation set that only contains BALF samples. Stars represent the difference of cancer score between different cancer stages tumors and benign diseases; “**”, p value < 0.01